Injection laryngoplasty of human adipose-derived stem cell spheroids with hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel improves the morphological and functional characteristics of geriatric larynx.

AIM: As the geriatric population increased, the need of treatment for laryngeal atrophy and dysfunction increased. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of injection of human adipose-derived stem cell (hASC) spheroid-loaded catechol-conjugated hyaluronic acid (HA-CA) hydrogel on therapeutic rejuvenation of the geriatric larynx.
METHODS: Stem cell spheroids with hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel were injected into the laryngeal muscles of 18-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The effects of hASC spheroids were examined in the following four groups: SHAM, injected with PBS; GEL, injected with HA-CA hydrogel; MONO, injected with single hASCs in HA-CA hydrogel; and SP, injected with hASCs spheroids in HA-CA hydrogel. The rejuvenation efficacy in geriatric laryngeal muscle tissues at 12 weeks postinjection was evaluated and compared by histology, immunofluorescence staining, and functionality analysis.
RESULTS: Total myofiber cross-sectional area and myofiber number/density, evaluated by detection of myosin heavy chain with antibodies against laminin and fast myosin heavy chain, were significantly higher in the SP group than in the other groups. The lamina propria of the larynx was evaluated by alcian blue staining, which showed that the HA was increased significantly in the SP group compared to the other groups. In functional analysis, the glottal gap area was significantly reduced in the SP group compared to the other groups. The phase difference in the vocal fold during vibration was also smaller in the SP group than in the other groups, but the difference did not reach statistical significance.
CONCLUSION: Injection of hASC spheroids with hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel improves the morphological and functional characteristics of geriatric larynx.

Introduction

The rates of voice-related problems are increasing worldwide with the aging of the population, and they are among the most common and undertreated problems in the geriatric population [1]. About 20–30% of elderly people are thought to have vocal problems, for which only about 15% seek medical attention [2, 3]. Among the various causes of geriatric dysphonia, atrophy of the vocal fold (presbylaryngis) has increased rapidly and is attracting considerable attention. The pathophysiology of atrophy involves atrophy and hypotonicity of the vocalis muscles, epithelial atrophy with increased collagen and decreased nonfibrous protein of the extracellular matrix, and deterioration of the framework structure (cartilage and joints) [4, 5].

Typical symptoms of presbylaryngis are mild/moderate dysphonia, lack of volume/projection, and vocal fatigue, all of which have a significantly negative impact on the quality of life and ability to participate in society [6]. As presbylaryngis is a form of glottic insufficiency, it can be treated with methods to increase glottic contact, such as voice therapy, injection laryngoplasty, and medialization thyroplasty [7-9]. In addition to medialization by injection of space-occupying materials (e.g., calcium hydroxyapatite), the use of various substances, such as growth factors, platelet-rich plasma, and stem cells, has been examined to restore the sophisticated and unique structure of vocal-fold mucosa and muscles both in vivo and in clinical trials [10-12]. Regeneration of laryngeal tissues and restoration of intrinsic laryngeal functions are challenging problems that have yet to be addressed by existing injectable materials. Previously, with experience of injection laryngoplasty of diverse materials, including polycaprolactone, Pluronic F127, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), and adipose-derived extracellular matrix (ECM) [13-18], we have accumulated various experimental and analytical methods to assess the properties of injectable materials.

HA is an essential component of ECM and is made up of repeating units of disaccharides that can be easily modified with different crosslinkable functional groups. Among them, HA-CA hydrogel has been widely explored and used as a highly biocompatible, injectable, adhesive and in-situ forming hydrogel for therapeutic cell delivery [19-23] Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) show site-specific differentiation and can improve the mechanical properties of connective tissue [24]. Our previous studies showed that MSCs are potentially beneficial in tracheal regeneration and oral mucosal ulcer healing [25-27]. While the use of MSCs has also been studied for vocal-fold atrophy [28], spheroids of MSCs and mesenchymal stroma have not been studied despite their enhanced multipotency in vitro [29]. In the present study, we injected hASC spheroid-loaded hyaluronic-acid (HA)-based hydrogel into the geriatric larynx to evaluate its effects on therapeutic rejuvenation.

Materials and methods

Materials

HA (200 kDa; Lifecore Biomedical, Chaska, MN, USA), N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (sulfo-NHS-sodium; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), N-(3-dimethylaminoprophy)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC hydrochloride; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Wilmington, DE, USA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine hydrochloride (dopamine hydrochloride; Sigma-Aldrich), dialysis membrane (Cellu Sep T2, MW cut-off 6–8 kDa; Membrane Filtration Products Inc., Seguin, TX, USA), 0.1 M hydrochloric acid solution (0.1 M HCL; Daejung, Busan, Republic of Korea), sodium periodate (NaIO4; Sigma-Aldrich), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH; Sigma-Aldrich) were purchased from the sources shown.

Adipose-derived stem cell culture

Human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs; STEMPRO® Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells; Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) were used in this experiment. The hASCs were cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% FBS, 10 ng/mL epidermal growth factor, 10 ng/mL basic fibroblast growth factor, 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 μg/mL streptomycin, and were used at passage 6–8 in the experiments.

Preparation of hASCs spheroid

To form hASC spheroids, commercial MicroTissues® 3D Petri Dish® micro-mold spheroids (Sigma-Aldrich) were used as molds in hydrogel-replicated microwells. The autoclaved molds were prepared and transferred into a hood. Sterilized 1.5% w/v agarose (UltraPure™ Agarose; Invitrogen) in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was transferred into the hood and stirred with a magnetic bar on a hotplate. The agarose solution was pipetted into the molds and allowed to solidify at room temperature for 5 min. The agarose molds were transferred into individual wells of 24-well plates. The molds were then immersed in PBS and stored at 4 °C until use. The prepared hASCs were seeded on the mold and cultured with cell culture medium at a density of 2.5 × 105 cells/mold in 24-well plates. After 72 h, 35 spheroids about 200 μm in diameter were formed from a mold (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1

Formation of hASC-spheroids from agarose mold. A prepared agarose mold consisting of 35 cylindrical wells was placed in the wells of 24-well plates. Aliquots of 2.5 × 105 hASCs were seeded and cultured in the molds. A Aliquots of 2.5 × 105 hASCs were separated into 35 cylindrical wells of the agarose molds (scale bar: 200 μm), B and each cylindrical well-formed spheroids about 200 μm in diameter after 72 h of culture (scale bar: 200 μm)

Preparation of hASC spheroids-loaded HA hydrogel

In order to deliver hASC spheroids, an in situ-forming HA-CA hydrogel was used as a carrier. The HA-CA gel was prepared with the same method according to our previous studies (Supplementary Figs. 1, 2) [19, 20]. Briefly, HA-CA precursor solution was prepared at 3.33% (w/v) in PBS (pH 7.4) and a mixture of 4.5 mg/mL NaIO4 and 0.4 M NaOH was prepared as a crosslinker at a ratio of 100:1. To load hASC (2.5 × 105 cell) or hASC spheroids (2.5 × 105 cell, 35 spheroids) in the HA-CA hydrogel, 7 μL of hASC or hASC spheroids were added to 12 μL of the HA-CA precursor solution. Subsequently, 1 μL of the crosslinker were added into the mixture of HA-CA precursor solution and cells. After evenly mixing, the HA-CA hydrogel loaded hASC or hASC spheroids was loaded into a 25 μL of Hamilton syringe (luer tip 702LT) before injection.

Injection of hASC-loaded HA hydrogel into geriatric rat laryngeal muscle

All animal experiments were conducted using protocols approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Seoul National University (IACUC No, 16–0009-C2A0), Republic of Korea. Male Sprague–Dawley rats (SD rats, 18 months old) were purchased from Young Bio (Young Bio Inc., Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea). Rats were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of Zoletil 50 (tiletamine/zolazepam, 0.6 mL/kg) and Rompun (xylazine, 0.4 mL/kg). The preparation and assembly of the injection laryngoscope were described in our previous report (Fig. 2A) [17]. Briefly, a 25-gauge spinal needle mounted with Hamilton syringe (Hamilton syringe, luer tip 702LT, volume 25 μL) within a modified 20-gauge spinal needle (Tae Chang Industrial Co., Republic of Korea) with was attached to a 4.0 mm, 30° rigid endoscope (Richards, Knittlingen, Germany). The assembled endoscope with a Light-Emitting Diode (LED) based light source (Mediview, UMT-511, Australia) was mounted with a digital camera (Nikon Coolpix 4500, Japan). Accordingly, the prepared material was injected (each injection 20 μL/rat) into the right vocal fold of the rats (each group, n = 4) under live imaging guidance (Fig. 2B, C).

Fig. 2

Injection of hASC spheroid-loaded HA-based hydrogel into geriatric rat laryngeal muscle using a laryngoscope. Under live imaging guidance, the hASC spheroid-loaded HA-based hydrogel was injected into the laryngeal muscle of geriatric rats. A Preparation of the injection laryngoscope equipped with a 25G spinal needle syringe containing hASC spheroid-loaded hydrogel. B, C Anesthetized aged SD rats were fixed using a custom-made frame and hASC spheroid-loaded hydrogel was injected into the laryngeal muscle using a stationary laryngoscope

Grouping according to the treatment

Experimental animals (18-month-old SD rats) were divided into four groups: sham, injected with PBS; GEL, injected with HA-CA hydrogel; MONO, injected with single hASCs in HA-CA hydrogel; and SP, injected with 35 hASCs spheroids in HA-CA hydrogel.

Histological evaluation of laryngeal tissues

Twelve weeks post-injection, the larynges from each group (n = 4) were isolated and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde solution (4% PFA; Bio Solution Co., Seoul, Republic of Korea). The samples were prepared for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, alcian blue (AB) staining, and immunofluorescence staining as described previously [17]. H&E- and AB-stained tissue sections were observed under an optical microscope. For immunofluorescence staining, tissue sections were immunostained with anti-laminin (ab11575) and anti-fast myosin skeletal heavy chain (MHC, ab51263) antibodies. After incubation, sections were washed and incubated with Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-mouse or Alexa Fluor 594 goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody. The nuclei were counterstained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Histological sections were analyzed using Image J Software (NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA).

Functional assessment of larynx using high-speed camera

To evaluate the functionality of the larynx, vocal-fold vibrations were examined using an excised laryngeal setup similar to our previous studies [15, 17]. To analyze the glottal gap area and phase difference in the vocal fold, the region of the vocal fold was specified with 28 horizontal 104 vertical pixels using Motion Studio™ software (version: 2.12.19; IDT Manufacturing, Pasadena, CA, USA). One cycle of vocal-fold vibration was composed of 10 serial images. Images with minimal glottal gap area were chosen from 10 serial images and the glottal gap area was measured using Image J software (four cycles of each sample were analyzed). Phase difference was measured by comparing the cycles of bilateral vocal-fold vibration and defined as the ratio of the length of phase discrepancy in one cycle to the total length of one cycle (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3

Measurement of phase difference in vocal-fold vibration. Phase difference was measured by comparing the cycles of bilateral vocal-fold vibration and defined as the ratio of the length of the phase discrepancy in one cycle (B) to the total length of one cycle (A)

Statistical analysis

Data are presented as means ± standard deviation (SD). Continuous outcomes were analyzed using independent t-tests between groups of two, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc test among groups of three or more. In all analyses, P < 0.05 was taken to indicate statistical significance.

Results

Histologic evaluation

Morphological changes in laryngeal intrinsic muscles were analyzed by staining the fibrous connective tissue and myosin heavy chain with antibodies against laminin and fast myosin heavy chain, respectively (Fig. 4). Total myofiber cross-sectional area was much higher in the SP group than in the other groups (p = 0.003) (Fig. 4B). Consequently, the area between myofibers was reduced in the SP group compared to the other groups. The lamina propria of the larynx was evaluated by AB staining, which showed that the amount of HA was significantly increased in the SP group compared to the other groups (p = 0.009) (Fig. 5).

Fig. 4

Effects of hASC spheroid-loaded HA-based hydrogel on hypertrophy of aged laryngeal muscle. A Representative images of laminin (red) and fast-myosin heavy chain (MHC, green) staining of each group (scale bar: 100 μm). B Total myofiber cross-sectional area was much greater in the SP group than in the other groups (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01)

Fig. 5

Effects of hASC spheroid-loaded HA-based hydrogel on the components of the lamina propria. Representative images of H&E (A) and alcian blue (B) staining of each group (scale bars: A 400 μm, B 200 μm). C The composition of hyaluronic acid in the lamina propria was significantly increased in the SP group compared to the other groups. The intensity of alcian blue staining was measured and compared, except in the area of submucosal glands, using Image J software. ANOVA revealed that four groups showed significant difference (p = 0.009), while independent t-test did not attain statistical significance of two group comparison. Scale bar of A = 400 μm, B = 200 μm

Functional evaluation

The ability to reduce the glottal gap area in the geriatric larynx was evaluated by analyzing vocal-fold vibration using an excised laryngeal setup (Fig. 6). The glottal gap area was significantly reduced in the SP group compared to the other groups (Fig. 6A and B). The phase difference in the vocal fold during vibration was also smaller in the SP group than in the other groups, but the difference did not reach statistical significance (Fig. 6C and D).

Fig. 6

Functional analysis of the larynx. Twelve weeks post-injection, the rat larynges were isolated and analyzed using a high-speed camera setup. A Representative images of each minimal glottal gap (red-colored area) of the vocal fold (arrowhead, right vocal fold; arrow, left vocal fold). B The glottal gap area was significantly reduced in the SP group compared to the other groups. C Videokymographic analysis of vocal-fold motion. D The phase difference of the vocal fold during vibration was also smaller in the SP group than in the other groups, but the difference did not reach statistical significance (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.005)

Discussion

This study demonstrated that injection of hASC spheroids with HA-based hydrogel into the aged larynx improved the morphological characteristics in terms of increased intrinsic laryngeal muscles and HA in the lamina propria. Functional analysis showed that the phase difference in the mucosal wave was minimal with hASC spheroid injection, while other injections, including single hASCs, showed substantial phase differences in vibration cycles.

Three layers of intracartilaginous laryngeal structure undergo changes with age. Loss of muscle mass with age in the human thyroarytenoid muscle has been reported in addition to decreased innervation and metabolic activity of mitochondria [30]. The thickness of the epithelium usually decreases, and the lamina propria shows a variety of changes, including thickening/edema of the superficial layer and degeneration/atrophy of elastic fibers [31]. As dysfunction of the larynx due to aging can lead to problems with speech and social communication, several studies have been performed that used tissue-engineering techniques to address these issues. Many studies focused on restoration of volume at the area of muscle using various biomaterials [32]. In our previous study, we examined the use of injectable basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-loaded alginate (ALG)/HA hydrogel for rejuvenation of geriatric laryngeal muscles, which showed increased expression of myogenic regulatory factor-related genes, hypertrophy of muscle fibers, proliferation of muscle satellite cells, and angiogenesis and decreased interstitial fibrosis [17].

As MSCs have self-renewal capability and tissue regeneration potential by differentiation and maturation into specific phenotypes, they have remarkable potential for clinical applications [33, 34]. The research library of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) includes reports of 993 clinical studies in which MSCs have been used to treat different diseases. The trials with MSCs frequently failed in controlled studies with large cohorts, probably because of lack of comprehension of the regenerative and immunomodulatory mechanisms. MSC spheroids showed considerable changes in gene expression pattern [35], and 3D cell culture has emerged as a new therapeutic alternative [36, 37]. There is evidence that MSC spheroids show better stemness, angiogenesis, differential potential, paracrine, and immunomodulatory effects than single MSCs [38-40].

In this study, we found that muscle volume increased to a significantly greater extent in the SP group than in the other groups, including the MONO group. In addition, the interstitial space decreased, although we did not evaluate whether this was due to decreased fibrosis or passive compression of the space by increased muscle volume. According to in vivo studies evaluating the therapeutic effects of hASC spheroids, wound healing and regeneration are possible with various cytokines and growth factors, including fibroblast growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, etc., while in vitro studies usually evaluated stemness based on expression of the transcription factors Nanog, Oct-3/4, Sox-2, Klf4, c-Myc, and STAT3, in addition to surface markers, such as CD105, CD90, CD73, and CD34 [39, 41, 42]. As impaired muscle repair characterized by uncontrolled ECM remodeling results in the formation of fibrotic tissue in skeletal muscle [43], restoration of muscle volume may result in decreased interstitial fibrosis.

In addition, this study showed that the composition of HA in the lamina propria was increased significantly in the SP group compared to the other groups. HA, as one of the main components of the lamina propria in the larynx, plays a significant role in phonation via its vibratory potential. As most cases of presbylaryngis show decreased thickness of the epithelium and lamina propria and lack of vibratory tissue, increased HA in the lamina propria may result in improvements in the voice. Several studies have shown that the differentiation and activation of stem cells were facilitated by ECM of various organs, such as the kidney, liver, heart, and lung [44-46]. In terms of vocal-fold injury, Lungova et al. showed that applying human embryonic stem cells on gels composed of collagen and vocal-fold fibroblasts increased the vocal-fold lamina propria [47]. A study using bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells revealed increased HA distribution and decreased dense collagen networks, resulting in improved biomechanical properties [48]. As spheroids of stem cells showed better regenerative potential, our study showed a greater increase in HA in the SP group than in the MONO group.

Most laryngeal injection procedures and injected materials can influence the mucosal wave. As vocal dysphonia is the main reason for treatment of geriatric larynx, impairment of the mucosal wave by injected material should be avoided because abnormalities in the mucosal wave are correlated with voice dysfunction, particularly hoarseness. Restoration of a normal mucosal wave is indicated by symmetric and periodic sinusoidal functions with sustained inter-vocal fold contact between cycles [49]. Symmetric mucosal wave was observed in the SP group, which showed the minimal phase difference in bilateral vocal fold vibration. In comparison to the sham group, the MONO group showed a negative impact on mucosal wave. As the injection itself and injection material induce inflammatory responses in the injected area, changes in the viscoelasticity of the overall laryngeal inner structure may have influenced the mucosal wave. As discussed above, hASC spheroids were superior to single cells in terms of immunomodulatory function and thereby may evoke minimal surrounding inflammation with a better mucosal wave.

Vocal-fold bowing and glottal gap are typical findings of presbylarynx. For a clear voice, glottal contact should be maintained during vocal-fold adduction. The SP group in this study had a much smaller vocal gap area compared to the other groups. As with the microscopy findings, appropriate muscle volume in the SP group may have resulted in a reduced vocal gap area.

Conclusion

In this study, we showed that injection of hASC spheroids with a carrier enhanced the muscle volume of the geriatric larynx without a negative effect on the mucosal wave. Although the results did not include the characteristics of the young larynx, hASC spheroids were superior to single hASCs in terms of restoration of larynx muscle volume. In addition, although histological and functional changes beyond 12 weeks must be assessed to elucidate the effects of hASC spheroids on the more aged larynx, this study is important in that it is the first to use hASC spheroids in the treatment of geriatric larynx. Further studies involving analysis of the mechanism underlying the effects of hASC spheroids and with the loading of various cytokines and growth factors to improve the characteristics of lamina propria are needed.

Additional file 1.