| Literature DB >> 35382413 |
Jorge Martin Rodríguez1, Julio Cesar Campuzano2, Yamileth Ortiz Gómez3.
Abstract
Background: In a society, children are the most vulnerable members of the population. Violence experienced in Mexico during the last decade has also affected children under ten years of age. Objective: Analyze the trend of homicides in children under ten years from 1998 to 2017.Entities:
Keywords: Homicide; Mexico; child abuse; death certificates; intentional injuries; public policy; social justice; violence
Mesh:
Year: 2021 PMID: 35382413 PMCID: PMC8970569 DOI: 10.25100/cm.v52i3.4492
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Colomb Med (Cali) ISSN: 0120-8322
Figure 1Homicide mortality rates among children 0-10 years old, in Mexico. 1998-2017
Distribution of the mechanisms for homicide according to age group and sex, Mexico (1998-2017)
| Homicide by type of weapon used/ mechanisms / age group - sex | 0 to 5 years | 5 to 10 years | Subtotals by sex | Total n (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boys n (%) | Girls n (%) | Boys n (%) | Girls n (%) | Boys n (%) | Girls n (%) | ||
| Other means | 867 (42.9) | 684 (42.3) | 278 (30.1) | 166 (26.5) | 1145 (38.9) | 852 (37.9) | 1197 (38.5) |
| Firearm | 325 (16.1) | 199 (12.3) | 339 (36.8) | 206 (32.9) | 665 (22.6) | 404 (18.0) | 1069 (20.6) |
| Hanging and strangulation | 260 (12.9) | 236 (14.6) | 112 (12.1) | 110 (17.5) | 374 (12.7) | 347 (15.4) | 721 (13.9) |
| Physical abuse | 195 (9.6) | 183 (11.3) | 22 (2.4) | 10 (1.6) | 215 (7.3) | 193 (8.6) | 410 (7.9) |
| Sharp instrument | 121 (6.0) | 108 (6.7) | 86 (9.3) | 79 (12.6) | 209 (7.1) | 189 (8.4) | 394 (7.6) |
| Drowning | 170 (8.4) | 120 (7.4) | 56 (6.1) | 30 (4.8) | 224 (7.6) | 148 (6.6) | 374 (7.2) |
| Beating, altercation, rape | 52 (2.6) | 60 (3.7) | 7 (0.8) | 12 (1.9) | 59 (2.0) | 72 (3.2) | 130 (2.5) |
| Corrosive substance | 14 (0.7) | 23 (1.4) | 15 (1.6) | 9 (1.4) | 29 (1.0) | 31 (1.4) | 62 (1.2) |
| Poisoning | 14 (0.7) | 5 (0.3) | 8 (0.9) | 5 (0.8) | 24 (0.8) | 9 (0.4) | 31 (0.6) |
| Total | 2,019 (100) | 1,618(100) | 924 (100) | 627 (100) | 2,943 (100) | 2,245 (100) | 5,188 (100) |
Source: Prepared from the databases of the National Health Information System (Sistema Nacional de Información en Salud - SINAIS, 1998-2017).
Homicide in children under five years of age according to weapon use mechanism for death. Mexico 1998 to 2017
| Homicide in girls | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mechanisms | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
| Other means | 288 (42.5) | 151 (47.6) | 123 (46.9) | 66 (34.0) | 57 (33.9) | 685 (42.3) |
| Hanging and strangulation | 157 (23.2) | 25 (7.9) | 14 (5.3) | 24 (12.4) | 16 (9.5) | 236 (14.6) |
| Firearm | 36 (5.3) | 35 (11.0) | 41 (15.6) | 49 (25.3) | 38 (22.6) | 199 (12.3) |
| Negligence, abandonment and abuse | 113 (16.7) | 28 (8.8) | 17 (6.5) | 15 (7.7) | 10 (6.0) | 183 (11.3) |
| Drowning | 32 (4.7) | 38 (12.0) | 31 (11.8) | 10 (5.2) | 8 (4.8) | 119 (7.4) |
| Sharp instrument | 31 (4.6) | 16 (5.0) | 18 (6.9) | 20 (10.3) | 24 (14.3) | 109 (6.7) |
| Beatings, rape | 15 (2.2) | 17 (5.4) | 14 (5.3) | 6 (3.1) | 7 (4.2) | 59 (3.6) |
| Corrosive substance | 3 (0.4) | 5 (1.6) | 4 (1.5) | 3 (1.5) | 8 (4.8) | 23 (1.4) |
| Poisoning | 2 (0.3) | 2 (0.6) | 0 | 1 (0.5) | 0 | 5 (0.3) |
| Total | 677 (100) | 317(100) | 262(100) | 194 (100) | 168 (100) | 1618 (100) |
| Homicide in boys | ||||||
| Other means | 384(47.9) | 180 (44.7) | 147 (41.1) | 74 (32.7) | 81 (35.2) | 866 (42.9) |
| Firearm | 38(4.7) | 67 (16.6) | 71 (19.8) | 65 (28.8) | 83 (36.1) | 324 (16.0) |
| Hanging and strangulation | 168(20.9) | 30 (7.4) | 28 (7.8) | 18 (8) | 17 (7.4) | 261 (12.9) |
| Negligence, abandonment and abuse | 116(14.5) | 24 (6.0) | 27 (7.5) | 14 (6.2) | 13 (5.7) | 194 (9.6) |
| Drowning | 30(3.7) | 54 (13.4) | 48 (13.4) | 20 (8.8) | 17 (7.4) | 169 (8.4) |
| Sharp instrument | 49((6.1) | 18 (4.5) | 22 (6.1) | 20 (8.8) | 13 (5.7) | 122 (6.0) |
| Beatings, rape | 9(1.1) | 21 (5.2) | 13 (3.6) | 6 (2.7) | 4 (1.7) | 53 (2.6) |
| Corrosive substance | 5(0.6) | 2 (0.5) | 2 (0.6) | 4 (1.8) | 2 (0.9) | 15 (0.7) |
| Poisoning | 3(0.4) | 7 (1.7) | 0 | 5 (2.2) | 0 | 15 (0.7) |
| Total | 802(100) | 403 (100) | 358 (100) | 226 (100) | 230 (100) | 2,019 (100) |
Source: Prepared from the databases of the National Health Information System (Sistema Nacional de Información en Salud - SINAIS, 1998-2017). The data is presented as n (%).
Mechanisms of death by region, sex and age groups. Mexico. 1998 to 2017.
| OR | SD | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Region | |||
| Center | 1 | ||
| Northern | 2.74* | 0.26 | 2.28-3.29 |
| Western | 2.22* | 0.26 | 1.75-2.80 |
| Eastern | 1.31** | 0.18 | 1.00-1.72 |
| Southern | 2.02* | 0.21 | 1.65-2.46 |
| Sex | |||
| Girls | 1 | ||
| Boys | 1.31* | 0.10 | 1.13-1.51 |
| Age groups | |||
| 0-5 | 1 | ||
| >5-10 | 3.08* | 0.22 | 2.67-3.56 |
* p <0.01; **p= 0.05
Figura 1Tasas de mortalidad por homicidio entre niños de 0-10 años, en México. 1998-2017
Distribución de mecanismos de homicidio segun grupo de edad y sexo. México (1998-2017)
| Homicidio por tipo de arma utilizada / mecanismos / grupo de edad y sexo | 0 a 5 años | 5 a 10 años | Subtotales por sexo | Total n (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Niños n (%) | Niñas n (%) | Niños n (%) | Niñas n (%) | Niños n (%) | Niñas n (%) | ||
| Otros medios | 867 (42.9) | 684 (42.3) | 278 (30.1) | 166 (26.5) | 1145 (38.9) | 852 (37.9) | 1197 (38.5) |
| Arma de fuego | 325 (16.1) | 199 (12.3) | 339 (36.8) | 206 (32.9) | 665 (22.6) | 404 (18.0) | 1069 (20.6) |
| Ahorcamiento y estrangulamiento | 260 (12.9) | 236 (14.6) | 112 (12.1) | 110 (17.5) | 374 (12.7) | 347 (15.4) | 721 (13.9) |
| Abuso físico | 195 (9.6) | 183 (11.3) | 22 (2.4) | 10 (1.6) | 215 (7.3) | 193 (8.6) | 410 (7.9) |
| Instrumento puntiagudo | 121 (6.0) | 108 (6.7) | 86 (9.3) | 79 (12.6) | 209 (7.1) | 189 (8.4) | 394 (7.6) |
| Ahogamiento | 170 (8.4) | 120 (7.4) | 56 (6.1) | 30 (4.8) | 224 (7.6) | 148 (6.6) | 374 (7.2) |
| Golpes, altercados, violación | 52 (2.6) | 60 (3.7) | 7 (0.8) | 12 (1.9) | 59 (2.0) | 72 (3.2) | 130 (2.5) |
| Sustancia corrosiva | 14 (0.7) | 23 (1.4) | 15 (1.6) | 9 (1.4) | 29 (1.0) | 31 (1.4) | 62 (1.2) |
| Envenenamiento | 14 (0.7) | 5 (0.3) | 8 (0.9) | 5 (0.8) | 24 (0.8) | 9 (0.4) | 31 (0.6) |
| Total | 2,019 (100) | 1,618(100) | 924 (100) | 627 (100) | 2,943 (100) | 2,245 (100) | 5,188 (100) |
Fuente: Elaborado a partir de las bases de datos del Sistema Nacional de Información en Salud (Sistema Nacional de Información en Salud - SINAIS, 1998-2017).
Homicidio en menores de cinco años según mecanismo de uso de armas para la muerte. México 1998 a 2017
| Homicidios en niñas | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mecanismos | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
| Otros medios | 288 (42.5) | 151 (47.6) | 123 (46.9) | 66 (34.0) | 57 (33.9) | 685 (42.3) |
| Ahorcamiento y estrangulamiento | 157 (23.2) | 25 (7.9) | 14 (5.3) | 24 (12.4) | 16 (9.5) | 236 (14.6) |
| Arma de fuego | 36 (5.3) | 35 (11.0) | 41 (15.6) | 49 (25.3) | 38 (22.6) | 199 (12.3) |
| Negligencia, abandono y abuso físico | 113 (16.7) | 28 (8.8) | 17 (6.5) | 15 (7.7) | 10 (6.0) | 183 (11.3) |
| Ahogamiento | 32 (4.7) | 38 (12.0) | 31 (11.8) | 10 (5.2) | 8 (4.8) | 119 (7.4) |
| Instrumento puntiagudo | 31 (4.6) | 16 (5.0) | 18 (6.9) | 20 (10.3) | 24 (14.3) | 109 (6.7) |
| Golpes, violación | 15 (2.2) | 17 (5.4) | 14 (5.3) | 6 (3.1) | 7 (4.2) | 59 (3.6) |
| Sustancia corrosiva | 3 (0.4) | 5 (1.6) | 4 (1.5) | 3 (1.5) | 8 (4.8) | 23 (1.4) |
| Envenenamiento | 2 (0.3) | 2 (0.6) | 0 | 1 (0.5) | 0 | 5 (0.3) |
| Total | 677 (100) | 317(100) | 262(100) | 194 (100) | 168 (100) | 1618 (100) |
| Homicidio en niños | ||||||
| Otros medios | 384(47.9) | 180 (44.7) | 147 (41.1) | 74 (32.7) | 81 (35.2) | 866 (42.9) |
| Arma de fuego | 38(4.7) | 67 (16.6) | 71 (19.8) | 65 (28.8) | 83 (36.1) | 324 (16.0) |
| Ahorcamiento y estrangulamiento | 168(20.9) | 30 (7.4) | 28 (7.8) | 18 (8) | 17 (7.4) | 261 (12.9) |
| Abuso físico | 116(14.5) | 24 (6.0) | 27 (7.5) | 14 (6.2) | 13 (5.7) | 194 (9.6) |
| Ahogamiento | 30(3.7) | 54 (13.4) | 48 (13.4) | 20 (8.8) | 17 (7.4) | 169 (8.4) |
| Instrumento puntiagudo | 49((6.1) | 18 (4.5) | 22 (6.1) | 20 (8.8) | 13 (5.7) | 122 (6.0) |
| Golpes, violación | 9(1.1) | 21 (5.2) | 13 (3.6) | 6 (2.7) | 4 (1.7) | 53 (2.6) |
| Sustancia corrosiva | 5(0.6) | 2 (0.5) | 2 (0.6) | 4 (1.8) | 2 (0.9) | 15 (0.7) |
| Envenenamiento | 3(0.4) | 7 (1.7) | 0 | 5 (2.2) | 0 | 15 (0.7) |
| Total | 802(100) | 403 (100) | 358 (100) | 226 (100) | 230 (100) | 2019 (100) |
Fuente: Elaborado a partir de las bases de datos del Sistema Nacional de Información en Salud (Sistema Nacional de Información en Salud - SINAIS, 1998-2017). Los datos se presentan como n (%).
Mecanismos de muerte por región, sexo y grupos de edad. México. 1998- 2017.
| OR | DS | IC 95% | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Region | |||
| Centro | 1 | ||
| Norte | 2.74* | 0.26 | 2.28-3.29 |
| Occidente | 2.22* | 0.26 | 1.75-2.80 |
| Oriente | 1.31** | 0.18 | 1.00-1.72 |
| Sur | 2.02* | 0.21 | 1.65-2.46 |
| Sexo | |||
| Niñas | 1 | ||
| Niños | 1.31* | 0.10 | 1.13-1.51 |
| Grupos de edad | |||
| 0 a 5 | 1 | ||
| 5 a 10 | 3.08* | 0.22 | 2.67-3.56 |
* p <0.01; **p= 0.05
| 1) Why was this study conducted? |
| This is an article derived from the interes of Mexican Academics with respect to the deaths in some vulnerables groups such as women, elderly people and children, as in this case. |
| 2) What were the most relevant results of the study? |
| The force excess was associated with children violence and death in less than five years old, and firearms in children between 5 to 10 years old were used. The household was the place more associated with those events. Children that lived in northern areas had three times more died risk with respect to those that lived in central areas of the country associated with firearms used. |
| 3) What do these results contribute? |
| It is necessary to design and implement multi-sectoral interventions that can support protection for children. Surveillance systems could be used as a strategy to improve the quality of administer registers and to help decision-makers. Furthermore, we believe that these issues need to be followed in future studies that could identify the possible correlation among homicides in children, hospitalization due to intentional injuries and complaints of physical abuse in this population. |
| 1) ¿Por qué se realizó este estudio? |
| Este es un artículo derivado del interés de los académicos mexicanos con respecto a las muertes en algunos grupos vulnerables como mujeres, ancianos y niños, como en este caso. |
| 2) ¿Cuáles fueron los resultados más relevantes del estudio? |
| El exceso de fuerza se asoció con la violencia infantil y la muerte en menores de cinco años. Se utilizaron armas de fuego en muchos eventos. El hogar fue el lugar más asociado a los eventos de violencia. Los niños que vivían en zonas del norte tenían tres veces más riesgo de muerte asociados al uso de armas de fuego con respecto a los que vivían en zonas centrales del país. |
| 3¿Qué aportan estos resultados? |
| Es necesario diseñar e implementar intervenciones multisectoriales que puedan apoyar la protección de la niñez. Los sistemas de vigilancia podrían utilizarse como estrategia para mejorar la calidad de los registros administrativos y ayudar a los responsables de la toma de decisiones. Además, creemos que estos temas deben ser seguidos en futuros estudios que puedan identificar la posible correlación entre homicidios en niños, hospitalización por lesiones intencionales y denuncias de maltrato físico en esta población. |