Establishing an adequate dose of acupuncture is essential for clinical trial studies.

Importance: A number of recent clinical trials have demonstrated that acupuncture is more effective for treating chronic pain conditions compared to sham and no acupuncture, but some research questions have remained unaddressed and are standing in the way of further progress. Observations and Advances: The effectiveness of acupuncture for pain conditions compared to usual care have been demonstrated, which has significantly enhanced the position of acupuncture in multiple pain guidelines following these studies. However, the studies also generated some conflicting results with difficulty in comparing each other. Research examining an adequate dose of acupuncture therapy with optimal intervention parameters and time table has also long been neglected and is now urgent. The dose of acupuncture depends on stimulation parameters: force/intensity and speed/frequency of manual acupuncture (MA) or electroacupuncture (EA) and time table (number of treatment sessions and duration). Various frequencies and intensities of MA and EA stimulation have been utilized in individual research. Different acupuncture treatment sessions (once, twice, three to five times per week) and periods (4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks) have been used in these clinical trials. One clinical trial using one session of needle acupuncture and laser at 12 weeks (8 to 12 treated sessions) did not improve pain in patients with chronic knee pain but similar trials of osteoarthritis knee have significant effects of pain improvement after biweekly sessions of needle acupuncture for 8 weeks of treatment. Conclusions and Relevance: Determining a right treatment regimen on correct acupuncture point(s) for acupuncture is a critical first step for acupuncture clinical trials. Appropriate acupuncture parameters such as acupuncture stimulation technique, treatment sessions, and treatment duration must be considered in acupuncture clinical trials. An adequate dose of acupuncture for clinical trials should be established following dose finding workshops for acupuncture before the studies, which not only improve the therapeutic effects of the therapies but also allow the comparisons between trials and between the acupuncture community/practice and trial studies.