Zara M Patel1, Eric H Holbrook2, Justin H Turner3, Nithin D Adappa4, Mark W Albers5, Aytug Altundag6, Simone Appenzeller7, Richard M Costanzo8, Ilona Croy9, Greg E Davis10, Puya Dehgani-Mobaraki11, Richard L Doty12, Valerie B Duffy13, Bradley J Goldstein14, David A Gudis15, Antje Haehner16, Thomas S Higgins17, Claire Hopkins18, Caroline Huart19, Thomas Hummel16, Kawinyarat Jitaroon20, Robert C Kern21, Ashoke R Khanwalkar1, Masayoshi Kobayashi22, Kenji Kondo23, Andrew P Lane24, Matt Lechner25, Donald A Leopold26, Joshua M Levy27, Michael J Marmura28, Lisha Mclelland29, Takaki Miwa30, Paul J Moberg31, Christian A Mueller32, Sagar U Nigwekar33, Erin K O'Brien34, Teodor G Paunescu33, Robert Pellegrino35, Carl Philpott36, Jayant M Pinto37, Evan R Reiter38, David R Roalf31, Nicholas R Rowan24, Rodney J Schlosser39, James Schwob40, Allen M Seiden41, Timothy L Smith42, Zachary M Soler39, Leigh Sowerby43, Bruce K Tan21, Andrew Thamboo44, Bozena Wrobel45, Carol H Yan46. 1. Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA. 2. Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. 3. Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. 4. Otolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. 5. Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. 6. Otolaryngology, Biruni University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey. 7. Rheumatology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. 8. Physiology and Biophysics and Otolaryngology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA. 9. Psychology and Psychosomatic Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany. 10. Otolaryngology, Proliance Surgeons, Seattle and Puyallup, Washington, USA. 11. Associazione Naso Sano, Umbria Regional Registry of Volunteer Activities, Corciano, Italy. 12. Smell and Taste Center, Otolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. 13. Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA. 14. Otolaryngology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA. 15. Otolaryngology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA. 16. Smell and Taste, Otolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany. 17. Otolaryngology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA. 18. Otolaryngology, Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, London Bridge Hospital, London, UK. 19. Otorhinolaryngology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholgique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium. 20. Otolaryngology, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok, Thailand. 21. Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA. 22. Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan. 23. Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. 24. Otolaryngology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. 25. Otolaryngology, Barts Health and University College London, London, UK. 26. Otolaryngology, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, Vermont, USA. 27. Otolaryngology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. 28. Neurology Thomas Jefferson University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. 29. Otolaryngology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK. 30. Otolaryngology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan. 31. Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. 32. Otolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. 33. Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. 34. Otolaryngology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. 35. Monell Smell Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. 36. Otolaryngology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. 37. Otolaryngology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA. 38. Otolaryngology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA. 39. Otolaryngology, Medical University of South Carolina, Mt Pleasant, South Carolina, USA. 40. Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. 41. Otolaryngology, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. 42. Otolaryngology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA. 43. Otolaryngology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada. 44. Otolaryngology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. 45. Otolaryngology, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA. 46. Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The literature regarding clinical olfaction, olfactory loss, and olfactory dysfunction has expanded rapidly over the past two decades, with an exponential rise in the past year. There is substantial variability in the quality of this literature and a need to consolidate and critically review the evidence. It is with that aim that we have gathered experts from around the world to produce this International Consensus on Allergy and Rhinology: Olfaction (ICAR:O). METHODS: Using previously described methodology, specific topics were developed relating to olfaction. Each topic was assigned a literature review, evidence-based review, or evidence-based review with recommendations format as dictated by available evidence and scope within the ICAR:O document. Following iterative reviews of each topic, the ICAR:O document was integrated and reviewed by all authors for final consensus. RESULTS: The ICAR:O document reviews nearly 100 separate topics within the realm of olfaction, including diagnosis, epidemiology, disease burden, diagnosis, testing, etiology, treatment, and associated pathologies. CONCLUSION: This critical review of the existing clinical olfaction literature provides much needed insight and clarity into the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with olfactory dysfunction, while also clearly delineating gaps in our knowledge and evidence base that we should investigate further.
BACKGROUND: The literature regarding clinical olfaction, olfactory loss, and olfactory dysfunction has expanded rapidly over the past two decades, with an exponential rise in the past year. There is substantial variability in the quality of this literature and a need to consolidate and critically review the evidence. It is with that aim that we have gathered experts from around the world to produce this International Consensus on Allergy and Rhinology: Olfaction (ICAR:O). METHODS: Using previously described methodology, specific topics were developed relating to olfaction. Each topic was assigned a literature review, evidence-based review, or evidence-based review with recommendations format as dictated by available evidence and scope within the ICAR:O document. Following iterative reviews of each topic, the ICAR:O document was integrated and reviewed by all authors for final consensus. RESULTS: The ICAR:O document reviews nearly 100 separate topics within the realm of olfaction, including diagnosis, epidemiology, disease burden, diagnosis, testing, etiology, treatment, and associated pathologies. CONCLUSION: This critical review of the existing clinical olfaction literature provides much needed insight and clarity into the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with olfactory dysfunction, while also clearly delineating gaps in our knowledge and evidence base that we should investigate further.
Authors: María A Callejón-Leblic; Daniel I Martín-Jiménez; Ramón Moreno-Luna; Jose M Palacios-Garcia; Marta Alvarez-Cendrero; Julissa A Vizcarra-Melgar; Carlos Fernandez-Velez; Isabel M Reyes-Tejero; Juan Maza-Solano; Jaime Gonzalez-Garcia; Beatriz Tena-García; María E Acosta-Mosquera; Alfonso Del Cuvillo; Serafín Sánchez-Gómez Journal: Life (Basel) Date: 2022-08-17
Authors: Alfonso Luca Pendolino; Hui Qi Mandy Tan; David Choi; Giancarlo Ottaviano; Peter J Andrews Journal: Int Forum Allergy Rhinol Date: 2022-08-09 Impact factor: 5.426