| Literature DB >> 35362685 |
Junhao Li1,2, Guanhua Han1,2, Xiaotao Lin2, Liqiang Wu2, Chungen Qian2, Junfa Xu1.
Abstract
Early diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can reduce the risk of major illnesses. Disadvantages of EBV antibody detection methods that are commonly used clinically include lengthy assay time, need for a lot of reagent, and low efficiency. Compared with traditional detection methods, microfluidics technology offers high throughput, low reagent consumption, less bio-contamination, and a higher degree of automation. Advantages of magnetic immunofluorescence technology include high detection efficiency and a strong signal. The combined advantages of the two methods can compensate for the shortcomings of traditional methods. In the present study, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) as the raw material was subjected to laser cutting and vacuum hot pressing to quickly obtain chips. Magnetic beads labeled with antigen and fluorescent microspheres labeled with anti-human antibody were then rapidly lyophilized into microspheres by freeze-drying and embedded into the chips. After incubation and cleaning, the last step was detection. Image J software was used to analyze the mean fluorescence intensity and obtain negative or positive test results. To determine the precision of the chip, high- and low-value samples of each item were retested 10 times. The mean values were calculated to obtain the relative standard deviation (RSD) for several common pathogens. Furthermore, the coincidence rate of clinical samples was tested using a chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) to determine the potential clinical application value. The RSD of the precision test for each item was <10%, indicating good precision. The precision of the accelerated stability test was not verified. Specificity test results revealed no cross-reaction with some common pathogen antibodies, indicating good specificity. It remains to be verified whether the antibodies detected by this method cross-react with other herpes simplex viruses, such as types 1 and 2, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated virus, and human herpes virus type 6 and 7. Of the 121 clinical samples tested, statistical analysis of the data indicated good agreement with the chemiluminescence immunoassay in clinical trials. EB viral capsid antigen (EB VCA) IgG positive coincidence rate was 95.77% (68/71), the negative coincidence rate was 86% (43/50) (Kappa=0.828, P<0.05), the limit of detection (LOD) was 1.92 U/mL, and the linear range was 1.92 to 200 U/mL. The EB VCA IgA positive coincidence rate was 92% (46/50), negative coincidence rate was 92.96% (66/71) (Kappa=0.847, P<0.05), LOD was 2.79 U/mL, and the linear range was 2.79 to 200 U/mL. The positive coincidence rate of EB nuclear antigen 1 (EB NA1) IgG was 92.96% (66/71), the negative coincidence rate was 92% (46/50) (Kappa=0.847, P<0.05), the LOD was 3.13 U/mL, and the linear range was 3.13 to 200 U/mL. The positive coincidence rate of EB NA1 IgA was 90% (45/50), the negative coincidence rate was 91.55% (65/71) (Kappa=0.813, P<0.05), the LOD was 1.53 U/mL, and the linear range was 1.53 to 200 U/mL. Compared with the traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the novel method featured a shorter detection time, reduced use of reagent, high degree of automation, and less bio-contamination. Compared with CLIA, advantages of the novel method include multi-item combined detection, long luminescence time, and simple use as a basic health service. Compared with silicon and ceramic microfluidic chips, advantages of the selected PMMA material include low processing cost, short processing time, simple processing technology, and easy industrialization. A refinement that can still be made include the use of molding instead of laser cutting technology, which can further shorten the chip processing time. In summary, a microfluidic detection platform was initially built to provide a rapid, sensitive, simple, highly automated, and easy to be used by basic health service for the quantitative combined detection of EBV VCA and EB NA1 IgG and IgA.Entities:
Keywords: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV); magnetic immunofluorescence; microfluidic; rapid detection
Mesh:
Year: 2022 PMID: 35362685 PMCID: PMC9404092 DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2021.09005
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Se Pu ISSN: 1000-8713
图1芯片二维结构示意图
图2芯片的三维结构示意图
图3芯片及冻干微球实物图
图4芯片检测流程示意图
芯片检测流程控制程序
| Stage | Number | Rotational | t/s | Control | Specification |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First incubation | 1 | - | - | - | sampling |
| 2 | 500 | 10 | valve close | sample guiding | |
| 3 | 800 | 10 | valve close | sample aliquoting | |
| 4 | 500 | 300 | valve close | reacting (bi-directional running with 120°) | |
| 5 | 800 | 10 | magnetic beads accumulation; valve open | draining | |
| Second incubation | 6 | - | - | magnetic beads re-suspension; valve close | adding deionized water (DW) |
| 7 | 300 | 10 | valve close | DW guiding | |
| 8 | 500 | 10 | valve close | DW guiding | |
| 9 | 800 | 10 | valve close | DW aliquoting | |
| 10 | 500 | 300 | valve close | reacting (bi-directional running with 120°) | |
| 11 | 800 | 10 | magnetic beads accumulation; valve open | draining | |
| Cleaning | 12 | - | - | magnetic beads re-suspension; valve close | adding cleaning buffer (CB) |
| 13 | 300 | 10 | valve close | CB guiding | |
| 14 | 500 | 10 | valve close | CB guiding | |
| 15 | 800 | 10 | valve close | CB aliquoting | |
| 16 | 500 | 300 | valve close | cleaning (bi-directional running with 120°) | |
| 17 | 800 | 10 | magnetic beads accumulation; valve open | draining | |
| Detection | 18 | - | - | - | signal collecting |
-: no control conditions.
图5检测区在共聚焦显微镜下的(a)明场及(b)三维示意图
各通道最大深度及通道横截面积
| Channel location | Maximum channel depth/μm | Channel cross-sectional area/μm2 |
|---|---|---|
| Between sampling pool and liquid separation pool | 93.51±2.94 | 15935.2±712.5 |
| Between fluorescent bead pool and liquid separation pool | 96.44±3.28 | 16718.7±654.6 |
| Between left fluid sac pool and fluorescent bead pool | 92.43±3.66 | 15502.3±857.4 |
| Between detection pool and waste liquid pool | 96.93±2.78 | 16614.1±811.3 |
图6EB VCA IgG、EB VCA IgA、EB NA1 IgG及EB NA1 IgA的ROC曲线(n=121)
ROC曲线下最佳临界点、灵敏度、特异性、曲线下方面积及参考样本数
| Item | Normal serum | Positive serum | OOP/(U/mL) | Sensitivity/% | Specificity/% | AUC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EB VCA IgG | 46 | 75 | 9.97 | 93.3 | 91.3 | 0.9788 |
| EB VCA IgA | 70 | 51 | 9.95 | 92.2 | 92.9 | 0.9784 |
| EB NA1 IgG | 51 | 70 | 9.97 | 94.3 | 90.2 | 0.9672 |
| EB NA1 IgA | 52 | 69 | 10.05 | 90.4 | 92.8 | 0.9727 |
图7阳性、阴性及空白对照样本测试图(EB VCA IgG)
各项目的剂量反应线性关系和检出限
| Item | Regression |
| Linear range/ | LOD/ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EB VCA IgG | 0.9984 | 1.92-200 | 1.92 | |
| EB VCA IgA | 0.9958 | 2.79-200 | 2.79 | |
| EB NA1 IgG | 0.9986 | 3.13-200 | 3.13 | |
| EB NA1 IgA | 0.9952 | 1.53-200 | 1.53 |
Y: standard fluorescent signal value; X: standard concentration, U/mL; R2: correlation coefficient.
各项目重复性测试结果(n=10)
| Sample | EB VCA IgG | EB NA1 IgG | EB VCA IgA | EB NA1 IgA | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average/(U/mL) | RSD/% | Average/(U/mL) | RSD/% | Average/(U/mL) | RSD/% | Average/(U/mL) | RSD/% | ||||
| 1 | 17.36 | 2.86 | 19.21 | 4.7 | 15.18 | 6.54 | 22.56 | 4.02 | |||
| 2 | 135.8 | 4.17 | 73.67 | 5.2 | 96.98 | 5.83 | 100.12 | 5.5 | |||
各项目方法学比对及Kappa值
| Item | Coincident rate | Kappa | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Positive | Negative | ||
| EB VCA IgG | 95.8% (68/71) | 86.0% (43/50) | 0.828 |
| EB NA IgG | 92.0% (46/50) | 93.0% (66/71) | 0.847 |
| EB VCA IgA | 93.0% (66/71) | 92.0% (46/50) | 0.847 |
| EB NA IgA | 90.0% (45/50) | 91.6% (65/71) | 0.813 |
图8各项目的Bland-Altman绝对偏差和相对偏差统计图
各项目Bland-Altman图的95%置信区间外的样本占比
| Item | Difference vs. average | Ratio vs. average |
|---|---|---|
| EB VCA IgG | 8.3% (10/121) | 0 (0/121) |
| EB VCA IgA | 6.6% (8/121) | 0 (0/121) |
| EB VCA IgG | 7.4% (9/121) | 1.7% (2/121) |
| EB VCA IgG | 8.3% (10/121) | 0 (0/121) |
微流控芯片、试剂及仪器成本价目表
| Material | Category | Cost/Yuan | Total/Yuan | Specification |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chip sheet | chip material | 5-7 | 8.68-11.18 | price from large production (10000+) |
| PSA | chip material | 1-1.5 | price from large production (10000+) | |
| Magnetic beads | reagent material | 0.2×4 | price from commercial products | |
| Fluorescent micro-particles | reagent material | 0.08×4 | price from commercial products | |
| Antigen (EB VCA and EB NA1) | reagent material | (0.3+0.35)×2 | 0.3 for EB VCA and 0.35 for EB NA1, both from | |
| commercial products | ||||
| Antibody (anti-human IgA and | reagent material | (0.03+0.1)×2 | 0.03 for anti-human IgG and 0.1 for anti-human | |
| anti-human IgG) | IgA, both from commercial products | |||
| Centrifuge module | instrument material | 2500-3000 | 6000-7500 | price from commercial products |
| Microscope module | instrument material | 2000-2500 | price from commercial products | |
| Fixation module | instrument material | 300-400 | price from commercial products | |
| Valve control module | instrument material | 300-400 | price from commercial products | |
| Magnet control module | instrument material | 600-800 | price from commercial products | |
| Software | 300-400 | price from YHLO |