Acute myeloid leukaemia: recent advances in therapy.

Over the past ten years, there have been substantial advances in the treatment of AML. Intensive induction chemotherapy using seven-day courses of cytarabine and daunorubicin or amsacrine produce remission in 60-85% of patients. Median remission duration is 9-16 months. In some series, 20-40% of patients are in continuous remission for two years or more; many of these patients remain in remission for five years or longer and some may be cured. Bone marrow transplantation has evolved as a useful therapeutic modality capable of achieving long-term survival in some circumstances in which chemotherapy is relatively ineffective. Its precise role in the initial therapy of AML remains to be defined but it is likely to be beneficial in selected patients. These data indicate substantial recent progress in the treatment of this disease which was almost uniformly fatal 30 years ago. The fact that most patients relapse within 1-2 years reflects a lack of progress in developing effective postremission therapy. Maintenance chemotherapy, immunotherapy and CNS prophylaxis have little role in AML. It is unclear whether consolidation or intensification extend remissions or increase the proportion of long-term survivors; controlled randomized trials should answer this question within the next few years. Future progress in the treatment of AML awaits the development of more sensitive methods for detecting residual leukaemia, more effective use of current therapeutic modalities and the introduction of new effective drugs. Most data suggest that early intensive treatment is of key importance for achieving cures. We cannot presently distinguish, however, between patients cured by initial treatment and those who require further chemotherapy.