Ke-Ke Liu1,2, Shu-Qiang Li3, Xiao-Qing Zhang3, Yuan-Hao Ying1, Ze-Yuan Meng1, Ming-Hui Fei1, Wen-Hui Li1, Yong-Hong Xiao4, Xiang Xu5. 1. College of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi 343009, China. 2. Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control in Red Soil Hilly Region of Jiangxi Province, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, Jiangxi, China. 3. Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China. 4. College of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi 343009, China. E-mail:yonghongxiao01@126.com. 5. College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China.
Three new genera and 46 new species of phrurolithid spiders (Araneae, Phrurolithidae) are described from Jiangxi Province, southern China. These results support our hypothesis that a large percentage of China’s species remain unknown (Li, 2020).Some 250 years after Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus devised a formal system for classifying the diversity of nature, more than two million accepted species have been listed in the recent Catalogue of Life (COL) (Costello et al., 2022). However, 86% of the Earth’s species are yet to be fully described (Mora et al., 2011), indicating that less than 15% of extant species are catalogued. For example, 146 154 fungal species have been recorded (COL, 2022), but an estimated 2.2–5.1 million species remain undescribed (Hawksworth & Lücking, 2017; O’Brien et al., 2005). Furthermore, within the animal kingdom, 1.5 million species have been described in 40 phyla (Zhang, 2013), but an estimated 7.8 million terrestrial species and 2.2 million oceanic species remain undiscovered (Mora et al., 2011).In China, approximately 250000 species have been catalogued, including 164182 species of animals, 8610 species of bacteria, 1970 species of Chromista, 27900 species of fungi, 38394 species of plants, 2897 species of protozoa, and 2800 species of viruses (Figure 1; Supplementary Material I), with an average increase of 6500 species per year over the last 20 years. According to the unknown species percentage determined by Mora et al. (2011), there are likely to be 1.4 million unknown species in China. This high prediction of unknown species is supported by previous research on spiders within a 11 km2 peninsular area in Xishuangbanna, China, where 782 spider species were described (Li, 2020), with at least 200 more awaiting description. Of note, only 66 spider species were known from the same area in 2006.
Figure 1
Species scape in China, where the size of individual organisms approximately corresponds to the number of species described in the higher taxon they represent (For data sources, please see Supplementary Material I)
Species scape in China, where the size of individual organisms approximately corresponds to the number of species described in the higher taxon they represent (For data sources, please see Supplementary Material I)Our current study on the spider family Phrurolithidae Banks, 1892 from Jiangxi provides additional support for the high percentage of unknown species in China. The spider family Phrurolithidae includes 261 species in 15 genera (Li, 2020), with 124 species reported from Asia in the last 20 years alone. An extensive survey of phrurolithid spiders from October 2020 to May 2021 in south Jiangxi yielded 46 new species. For detailed morphological descriptions, diagnoses, and illustrations of the new species, please see Supplementary Material II.
NOMENCLATURAL ACTS REGISTRATION
The type material in this paper is housed in the Animal Specimen Museum, College of Life Science, Jinggangshan University (ASM-JGSU). The electronic version of this article in portable document format represents a published work according to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), and hence the new names contained in the electronic version are effectively published under the Code from the electronic edition alone (see Articles 8.5–8.6 of the Code). This published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in ZooBank, the online registration system for the ICZN. The ZooBank LSIDs (Life Science Identifiers) can be resolved, and the associated information can be viewed through any standard web browser by appending the LSID to the prefix http://zoobank.org/.Publication LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub: FDF4A17E-410B-478E-BAC7-7D45CB8B7374Acrolithus Liu & S. Li gen. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:43333E35-08EC-44CB-B0A9-B53BA0FE4DCFAculithus Liu & S. Li gen. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E791258D-471C-4BE2-ADDE-866B052D1AFAGrandilithus Liu & S. Li gen. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E86C1445-8C13-4B70-A37F-34953D16482DAcrolithus jiulong Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9E5DB0F8-2D82-41D4-9C8C-C0C8E3A5E630Acrolithus lingyun Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:EFEA7456-4732-41BF-8EDD-7C7EBA5C3845Acrolithus ruyii Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4F47F1BD-A7A5-4EEB-9242-76E6BF04F448Acrolithus shijiao Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org :act:5B044830-29BB-403B-A983-4DA52D6A14F7Acrolithus xiajing Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B6FE4180-1714-4F2E-9E88-25D657F67BBCAcrolithus xiaojing Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2BBBD95C-2384-4592-B6D3-A0999F1890B5Acrolithus yeniu Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A4D84817-08EE-47E0-AD74-98B83DBDD626Aculithus chongyi Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:541F820C-4F09-46C0-A304-20177345984AAculithus taishan Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:801ACFBB-C2A7-4657-8295-CD8BFB4C37C4Aculithus xunwu Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5EB848C6-D27A-403A-A617-0B1148C16784Grandilithus anyuan Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3F35FA25-844B-416A-BC32-7D947252E86FGrandilithus aobei Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C91717AE-ADFF-4894-88C0-E7E626C88E08Grandilithus dingnan Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9E15E878-06CF-4BA9-879C-DB4419F394D6Grandilithus dongguling Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D5655AB0-95CA-484B-BF9E-3B5F838DB72BGrandilithus fengshan Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D9FF99FC-7D1D-4341-B598-2BDE5FDC6102Grandilithus jiangshan Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:083E1A03-4A12-4AD2-93EA-0DEB3FEC5B85Grandilithus jingshi Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B3B2171F-0AA6-4172-850E-5B9E0341C643Grandilithus longjiatang Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6F5A724F-6D8F-49C9-82F7-23D27E3C531BGrandilithus nanan Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:EEBECB78-3AEF-4E38-814E-22BEC413F691Grandilithus ningdu Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:CE18E532-6185-4D2D-848C-CFAC8C727D06Grandilithus taihe Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A0BF9FB0-C4EC-4E33-A347-4669EE860CBFGrandilithus tianyushan Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C9EC8668-6E4C-4976-8C25-092A34F61EE1Grandilithus tupingao Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2EB90110-6063-409D-98C6-613655A7199BGrandilithus wanzili Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:62CFB297-E10A-4AC4-910B-03DF6C3ED822Grandilithus yunyin Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BA594D13-A3FF-408F-9808-55778C107513Otacilia aotou Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:DDB54867-36D2-4A10-9780-BCE53AF214F1Otacilia dawushan Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:698815B9-B3E8-4BF6-BBD9-A3AA6A4EE448Otacilia dongshang Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2FF3CC04-4D47-4A39-9D0A-0A306083912DOtacilia fuxi Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A9351E35-67B1-4DA0-B29F-179833767D9AOtacilia guizhumao Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B58AD573-1BFD-48E7-A542-D1D680D03F9AOtacilia hushandong Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C7579EDC-5D08-4FD8-B3B4-BB6560E7E738Otacilia jiulianshan Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F858B48D-991B-461A-81E9-C7D6563861B0Otacilia linghua Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BB9E76DB-903E-47EE-9E22-37BDAF49E20AOtacilia longbu Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:547645BE-2DE7-4927-8153-A4F2DE6F5D5COtacilia ping Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:24A98906-BB03-4D5C-B0E9-322A74F2D90DOtacilia qingyuan Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:50F996CE-26AE-4C4C-8209-4384BE350EFCOtacilia sanbai Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:688B93D9-8D33-4E70-AE01-F43B89D898F2Otacilia shuijiang Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:EEBED5E6-4D33-48F4-B4FF-CD4EAD65D653Otacilia tianhua Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:11A8B3A3-8FA4-4EA1-9597-A0404167FA8COtacilia wanshi Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D9634EA4-3DAF-43F1-9003-B0466DE9888BOtacilia wuzhifeng Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AA1BCEB4-5C00-432E-83E8-287AB14CCE89Otacilia xiangshan Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2058E95E-BA8F-4F84-AAC4-492669E22D60Otacilia xiaobu Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:61FCAF83-4856-4B2A-ACE1-4A8BBD27DB16Otacilia xingguo Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C6FEE5F8-FBBC-48FD-8C64-CBDC2A0ABD97Otacilia yangming Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5C558155-19B1-4A05-B7FD-68CEDCCB14DEOtacilia zhonglong Liu & S. Li sp. nov.LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7B0EB34B-68E6-43FC-A05D-5B2EA4FDEA54
SCIENTIFIC FIELD SURVEY PERMISSION INFORMATION
Permission for field surveys in Jiangxi was granted by the Jiangxi Provincial Department of Forestry, Nanchang, China.Supplementary data to this article can be found online.Click here for additional data file.
COMPETING INTERESTS
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS
Y.H.X. and S.Q.L. designed the study. K.K.L., Y.H.Y., Z.Y.M., M.H.F., W.H.L., and X.X. contributed to fieldwork and performed morphological species identification. K.K.L., S.Q.L., and X.Q.Z. drafted and revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Figure 1