Yizhi Lu1, Yong Xiao1, Youbing Tu2, Weixin Dai1, Yubo Xie3. 1. Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, no.6 shuang-yong road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China. 2. Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China. 3. Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, no.6 shuang-yong road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China. xybdoctor@163.com.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Propofol has been shown to clear sleep debt in rats after sleep deprivation (SD). We examined whether or not propofol-assisted sleep can restore cognitive function in SD rats and explored the possible mechanisms. METHODS: A sleep deprivation model was established by housing 9 to 12 week-old rats to a multiplatform water tank for 96 h. Model rats were then intraperitoneally injected with different concentrations of propofol or 10% fat emulsion (vehicle control). All treatment groups were examined for spatial learning and memory ability in the Morris water maze (MWM). After euthanasia, morphological changes in the hippocampus, hippocampal neurons, and mitochondria were examined by hematoxylin-eosin staining and transmission electron microscopy. Serum and hippocampal levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and hippocampal concentrations of ATP and Cyt-c were measured by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were performed to assess hippocampal expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3. RESULTS: Results showed that escape latencies in MWM training trials were significantly shorter and target crossings in the memory probe trial significantly greater in propofol-treated SD model rats compared to vehicle-treated SD rats. Propofol also reduced the number of apoptotic bodies in the hippocampal CA1 region. Sleep deprivation reduced IL-1β and ATP in hippocampus while increasing TNF-α and Cyt-c, and propofol treatment reversed all these changes. There was no significant difference in Bcl-2 expression between propofol- and vehicle-treated SD rats, but pro-apoptotic Bax and cleaved caspase-3 expression levels were significantly reduced by propofol in SD rats. CONCLUSIONS: Propofol-assisted sleep restored cognitive function in SD rats possibly by attenuating mitochondria-mediated neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus.
PURPOSE: Propofol has been shown to clear sleep debt in rats after sleep deprivation (SD). We examined whether or not propofol-assisted sleep can restore cognitive function in SD rats and explored the possible mechanisms. METHODS: A sleep deprivation model was established by housing 9 to 12 week-old rats to a multiplatform water tank for 96 h. Model rats were then intraperitoneally injected with different concentrations of propofol or 10% fat emulsion (vehicle control). All treatment groups were examined for spatial learning and memory ability in the Morris water maze (MWM). After euthanasia, morphological changes in the hippocampus, hippocampal neurons, and mitochondria were examined by hematoxylin-eosin staining and transmission electron microscopy. Serum and hippocampal levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and hippocampal concentrations of ATP and Cyt-c were measured by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were performed to assess hippocampal expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3. RESULTS: Results showed that escape latencies in MWM training trials were significantly shorter and target crossings in the memory probe trial significantly greater in propofol-treated SD model rats compared to vehicle-treated SD rats. Propofol also reduced the number of apoptotic bodies in the hippocampal CA1 region. Sleep deprivation reduced IL-1β and ATP in hippocampus while increasing TNF-α and Cyt-c, and propofol treatment reversed all these changes. There was no significant difference in Bcl-2 expression between propofol- and vehicle-treated SD rats, but pro-apoptotic Bax and cleaved caspase-3 expression levels were significantly reduced by propofol in SD rats. CONCLUSIONS: Propofol-assisted sleep restored cognitive function in SD rats possibly by attenuating mitochondria-mediated neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus.
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