Courtney K Blackwell1, Maxwell Mansolf1, Phillip Sherlock1, Jody Ganiban2, Julie A Hofheimer3, Charles J Barone4, Traci A Bekelman5, Clancy Blair6, David Cella1, Shaina Collazo7, Lisa A Croen8, Sean Deoni9, Amy J Elliott10, Assiamira Ferrara8, Rebecca C Fry3, Richard Gershon1, Julie B Herbstman11, Margaret R Karagas12, Kaja Z LeWinn13, Amy Margolis11, Rachel L Miller7, T Michael O'Shea3, Christina A Porucznik14, Rosalind J Wright7. 1. Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois. 2. Department of Psychology & Brain Sciences, Columbian School of Arts and Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC. 3. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. 4. Department of Pediatrics, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan; School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan. 5. University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado. 6. New York University Langone Health, New York, New York. 7. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York. 8. Kaiser Permanente North California, Oakland, California. 9. Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island. 10. Avera Research Institute & Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, South Dakota. 11. Columbia University, New York, New York. 12. Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire. 13. University of California, San Francisco, California. 14. University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: The family stress model proposes economic hardship results in caregiver distress and relational problems, which negatively impact youth outcomes. We extend this model to evaluate the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic-related family hardships on caregiver and youth stress, and, in turn, youth's psychological well-being. We also investigate how social supports moderate this relationship. METHODS: We used 2 samples of cross-sectional survey data collected between May 2020 and May 2021: children aged 2 to 12 years (n = 977) and adolescents aged 11 to 17 years (n = 669). Variables included pandemic-related family hardships, stress, social support, and youth life satisfaction. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. RESULTS: Experiencing more pandemic-related family hardships was associated with increased caregiver and youth stress (b = 0.04 to 0.21, SE = 0.01-0.02) and, in turn, decreased youth life satisfaction (b = -0.36 to -0.38, SE = 0.04-0.07). Social connectedness (b^ = 0.11-0.17, SE = 0.04) and family engagement (b^ = 0.12-0.18, SE = 0.05-0.06) had direct positive associations with life satisfaction; for children aged 2 to 12 years, greater family engagement was associated with decreased effect of child stress on life satisfaction (b^ = 0.15, SE = 0.05). For adolescents, females had higher levels of stress compared with males (b^ = 0.40, SE = 0.6), and having anxiety and/or depression was associated with decreased life satisfaction (b^ = -0.24, SE = 0.11). CONCLUSIONS: Caregivers and youth who experienced more coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic hardships had higher levels of stress, particularly adolescent females. Although stress negatively impacted life satisfaction across all ages, family engagement was a protective factor for children aged 2 to 12 years, whereas having anxiety and/or depression was a risk factor for adolescents. For all youth, however, being more socially connected and engaged with family promoted life satisfaction.
OBJECTIVES: The family stress model proposes economic hardship results in caregiver distress and relational problems, which negatively impact youth outcomes. We extend this model to evaluate the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic-related family hardships on caregiver and youth stress, and, in turn, youth's psychological well-being. We also investigate how social supports moderate this relationship. METHODS: We used 2 samples of cross-sectional survey data collected between May 2020 and May 2021: children aged 2 to 12 years (n = 977) and adolescents aged 11 to 17 years (n = 669). Variables included pandemic-related family hardships, stress, social support, and youth life satisfaction. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. RESULTS: Experiencing more pandemic-related family hardships was associated with increased caregiver and youth stress (b = 0.04 to 0.21, SE = 0.01-0.02) and, in turn, decreased youth life satisfaction (b = -0.36 to -0.38, SE = 0.04-0.07). Social connectedness (b^ = 0.11-0.17, SE = 0.04) and family engagement (b^ = 0.12-0.18, SE = 0.05-0.06) had direct positive associations with life satisfaction; for children aged 2 to 12 years, greater family engagement was associated with decreased effect of child stress on life satisfaction (b^ = 0.15, SE = 0.05). For adolescents, females had higher levels of stress compared with males (b^ = 0.40, SE = 0.6), and having anxiety and/or depression was associated with decreased life satisfaction (b^ = -0.24, SE = 0.11). CONCLUSIONS: Caregivers and youth who experienced more coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic hardships had higher levels of stress, particularly adolescent females. Although stress negatively impacted life satisfaction across all ages, family engagement was a protective factor for children aged 2 to 12 years, whereas having anxiety and/or depression was a risk factor for adolescents. For all youth, however, being more socially connected and engaged with family promoted life satisfaction.
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