Literature DB >> 35262591

A Rare Presentation of COVID-19 with Pulmonary Embolism.

Özgenur Günçkan1, Önder Öztürk1, Veysel Atilla Ayyıldız2, Volkan Bağlan1, Münire Çakır1, Ahmet Akkaya1.   

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been reported in almost every country in the world since December 2019. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 is often asymptomatic or with mild symptoms, but it may also lead to hypoxia, a hyperinflammatory state, and coagulopathy. The abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with thrombotic complications, including pulmonary embolism in COVID-19, but little is known about the mechanisms. The similarity of initial symptoms of both diseases can also be confusing, therefore the physicians should be aware of the potential for concurrent conditions. Herein, we present a case who did not have ground-glass opacities in the lungs, yet presented with pulmonary embolism and pleural effusions in association with COVID-19 infection.

Entities:  

Mesh:

Year:  2022        PMID: 35262591      PMCID: PMC8856685          DOI: 10.36660/abc.20210350

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Arq Bras Cardiol        ISSN: 0066-782X            Impact factor:   2.000


Introdução

Um novo surto de doença causada por coronavírus (COVID-19) surgiu em Wuhan no final de dezembro de 2019 e se espalhou rapidamente para outros países, levando a uma pandemia devastadora. Os indivíduos infectados com a Síndrome Respiratória Aguda grave do Coronavírus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) foram admitidos nos hospitais com diferentes graus de gravidade da doença. A maioria deles é sintomática ou apresenta sintomas leves, enquanto alguns apresentam hipóxia, um estado hiperinflamatório e coagulopatia.[1 - 3] A coagulopatia em COVID-19 foi demonstrada em autópsias, especialmente nas artérias pulmonares e capilares alveolares. Assim, embolias pulmonares (EP) concomitantes foram detectadas na tomografia computadorizada (TC) dos pacientes internados no hospital, mas a prevalência de EP em pacientes com COVID-19 permanece obscura.[1 , 2 , 4 - 7] Apresentamos aqui um caso submetido a cirurgia devido a acidente no qual o diagnóstico foi dificultado pela coexistência de COVID-19 com EP e derrame pleural bilateral na hospitalização.

Apresentação do caso

Uma mulher de 79 anos veio ao no nosso hospital com queixas de fraqueza, perda de apetite e falta de ar. A paciente apresentava histórico de queda do trator há um mês e havia sido submetida a cirurgia devido a fratura de úmero e fêmur. Ela tinha recebido alta hospitalar 12 dias antes da rehospitalização. Seu histórico familiar era normal e ela não tinha histórico de tabagismo e consumo de álcool.

Exame físico na hospitalização

A paciente apresentava leve dispneia e estertores na base do pulmão esquerdo à auscultação. Ela apresentava temperatura de 36°C, frequência cardíaca de 78 batimentos/min e pressão arterial de 108/78 mmHg. A saturação de oxigênio medida por oxímetro de pulso foi de 92%.

Achados laboratoriais

As análises laboratoriais foram dignas de nota devido aos valores elevados de dímero D, proteína C reativa (PCR), troponina T e ferritina. A paciente também apresentou hipoxemia leve na gasometria arterial ( Tabela 1 ). O ECG da paciente foi normal. A angiografia pulmonar por tomografia computadorizada (APTC) mostrou embolia nos ramos periféricos segmentares de ambos os lobos inferiores do pulmão ( Figura 1 ), com derrame pleural bilateral ( Figura 2 ) e sequelas de alterações fibróticas e infiltrações ( Figura 3 ). Embora não houvesse padrão de vidro fosco no parênquima (achado atípico para COVID-19), um teste de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) para COVID-19 foi realizado com esfregaço nasofaríngeo e considerado positivo na hospitalização.
Tabela 1

– Achados laboratoriais na hospitalização e após o tratamento

ParâmetrosNa hospitalizaçãoApós o tratamentoIntervalo de referência
PCR (mg/dL)64170-5
Sedimentação (mm/h)35273-55 (>70 years old)
Procalcitonin (ng/mL)0,1770,054<0,5
Leucócitos (x103 cells/mm3)5,22,95,2-12,4
Neutrófilos (x103 cells/microL)4,11,82,1-6,1
Linfócitos (x103/microL)0,60,61,3-3,5
Plaquetas (x103/microL)180257156-373
Hemoglobina (g/dL)10,310,913,6-17,2
Hematócrito (%)30,933,239,5-50,3
D-dímero (ng/L)245485869-243
TP (sec)16,717,79,4-12,5
PTTa (sec)27,53225,4-38,4
TT (sec)23,7-15,8-24,9
INR INR1,421,510,8-1,1
Fibrinogênio (mg/dL)301419200-393
Ferritina (ng/dL)105710224,63-204
Troponina T (ng/mL)0,0650,0240-0,014
LDH (U/L)3213490-247
ALT (U/L)6110-34
AST (U/L)18290-31
Creatina (mg/dL)0,310,280,66-1,29
Proteína (g/dL)5,455,646,6-8,3
Albumina (g/dL)2,82,93,5-5,2
Na (mmol/L)130138136-146
K (mmol/L)3,773,973,3-5,1
Ca (mg/dL)7,678,378,8-10,6
Ca corrigido (mg/dL)8,639,179,2-9,64

PCR: proteína C reativa; TP: tempo de protrombina; PTTa: tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada; TT: tempo de trombina; INR: International normalized ratio; LDH: lactato desidrogenase; ALT: alanina aminotransferase; AST: Aspartato aminotransferase; Na: sódio; K: potássio; Ca: cálcio.

Figura 1

– O ECG do paciente era normal.

Figura 2

– Trombos hipodensos intraluminais no lobo proximal esquerdo superior e inferior (setas verdes e amarelas) nos ramos segmentares-subsegmentares da artéria pulmonar.

Figura 3

– Derrames pleurais bilaterais (setas azuis) e alterações atelectásicas compressivas adjacentes (setas amarelas), atelectasias subsegmentares (seta vermelha) e hérnia hiatal gastroesofágica tipo 1 (seta roxa).

PCR: proteína C reativa; TP: tempo de protrombina; PTTa: tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada; TT: tempo de trombina; INR: International normalized ratio; LDH: lactato desidrogenase; ALT: alanina aminotransferase; AST: Aspartato aminotransferase; Na: sódio; K: potássio; Ca: cálcio.

Diagnóstico final e tratamento

O diagnóstico final da paciente foi infecção por COVID-19 com EP e derrame pleural bilateral. A paciente foi transferida para o serviço de pacientes com resultado positivo para COVID e tratada com favipiravir (2x1600 mg/dia no primeiro dia e 2x600 mg/dia nos quatro dias seguintes), moxifloxacina 1x400 mg/dia e heparina de baixo peso molecular (HBPM) 2x0,6 IU. Dez dias depois, ela teve alta hospitalar sem necessidade de oxigênio suplementar. Foi prescrita heparina de baixo peso molecular por um mês e o tratamento foi continuado posteriormente com anticoagulantes orais.

Discussão

No estudo atual, a paciente apresentou infecção por COVID-19 e EP concomitante, com derrame pleural. As queixas no momento da hospitalização eram fraqueza, perda de apetite e falta de ar, que eram esperadas durante a infecção por COVID-19, mas não na EP e derrames pleurais, exceto pela queixa de dispneia.[8 , 9] Em relação aos achados laboratoriais, os níveis de ferritina e PCR, troponina e dímero D estavam elevados, como observado em pacientes com COVID-19 em uma meta-análise.[10] Uma das características mais típicas das infecções por COVID-19 são imagens periféricas/subpleurais bilaterais em padrão de vidro fosco (97,6%) na TC de tórax, enquanto a consolidação, espessamento do septo interlobular e padrão de pavimentação em mosaico são vistos em 63,9%, 62,7% e 36,1% dos pacientes, respectivamente.[9] Entretanto, o derrame pleural e o derrame pericárdico são vistos entre 3% a 28% dos pacientes.[9 , 11] Foi relatado que a distribuição dos achados de imagem varia de acordo com a idade. Verificou-se que a opacidade em vidro fosco (GGO, do inglês ground-glass opacity ) foi observada principalmente em indivíduos mais jovens (<50 anos) (77%), e as consolidações com padrão de pneumonia em organização e consolidação pura foram encontradas em pessoas com idades mais avançadas (45%).[12] Embora derrames pleurais tenham sido encontrados mais comumente em pacientes idosos, ainda não está estabelecido se a idade é um possível fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de derrames pleurais em pacientes com COVID-19. Além disso, a importância dos derrames pleurais na pneumonia por COVID-19 ainda não foi bem avaliada devido à raridade da doença, limitada a relatos/séries de casos.[7 , 13] Embora um aumento no estado de coagulação tenha sido relatado em pacientes infectados com SARS-CoV-2 em comparação com controles saudáveis, há publicações limitadas sobre a prevalência ou incidência de embolia pulmonar.[14 , 15] Assim, será um passo valioso realizar tomografias computadorizadas de tórax contrastadas para pacientes com pneumonia por COVID-19 que apresentam início súbito de dispneia ou aqueles com níveis elevados de dímero D para excluir embolia pulmonar, porque a mesma pode ser uma complicação da pneumonia viral.[16] A anormalidade laboratorial mais comum na coagulopatia por COVID-19 são os níveis elevados de dímero-D, que refletem a ativação da cascata de coagulação, como visto em nossa paciente.[5] A capacidade discriminatória do dímero-D está substancialmente reduzida em comparação com a população em geral, e a evidência de altos níveis séricos de D-dímero isoladamente não pode ser considerada para fins diagnósticos.[4] Portanto, os médicos devem considerar todos os pacientes com COVID-19 em risco de tromboembolismo venoso, especialmente na presença de hospitalização tardia após o início dos sintomas, perfil de biomarcadores séricos de alto risco e evidência ecocardiográfica de disfunção ventricular direita e hipertensão pulmonar, todos os quais devem alertar os médicos para a presença de EP.[4] Em conclusão, níveis elevados de D-dímero (acima de 1743 ng/mL) podem estar relacionados ao diagnóstico de EP durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Devemos estar cientes da possibilidade de ocorrência concomitante de EP e COVID-19, principalmente em pacientes com sintomas como fraqueza e perda de apetite, que não podem ser explicados pela EP isoladamente.

Introduction

A novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak emerged in Wuhan in late December 2019 and spread rapidly to other countries, leading to a devastating pandemic. The individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been admitted to the hospitals with different degrees of disease severity. Most of them are symptomatic or show mild symptoms, while some of them have hypoxia, a hyperinflammatory state, and coagulopathy.[1 - 3] The coagulopathy in COVID-19 has been demonstrated in autopsies, especially in the pulmonary arteries and alveolar capillaries. Thus, concomitant pulmonary embolisms (PE) have been detected on the computed tomography (CT) scans of the patients admitted to the hospital, but the prevalence of PE in patients with COVID-19 remains unclear.[1 , 2 , 4 - 7] Herein, we present a case who was operated on due to an accident and the diagnosis was complicated by the coexistence of COVID-19 with PE and bilateral pleural effusions on admission.

Case presentation

A 79-year-old woman presented to our hospital with complaints of weakness, loss of appetite, and shortness of breath. The patient had a history of falling from the tractor one month before and had been operated on for fractures in the humerus and femur. She had been discharged from the hospital 12 days before readmission. Her family history was unremarkable and she had no history of smoking and alcohol use.

Physical examination upon admission

The patient had mild dyspnea and rales in the left lung base on auscultation. She had a temperature of 36°C, a heart rate of 78 beats/min, and blood pressure of 108/78 mmHg. The oxygen saturation measured by a pulse oximeter was 92%.

Laboratory findings

The laboratory analyses were noteworthy due to elevated levels of D-dimer, C-reactive protein (CRP), troponin-T, and ferritin. There was also mild hypoxemia on arterial blood gas analysis ( Table 1 ). The patient’s ECG was normal ( Figure 1 ). Computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) scan showed embolism at the peripheral segmental branches of both lower pulmonary lobes ( Figure 1 ), with bilateral pleural effusions ( Figure 2 ), and fibrotic changes and infiltrations as sequelae ( Figure 3 ). Although there was no ground glass opacity in the parenchyma (atypical findings for COVID-19), a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for COVID-19 was performed on the nasopharyngeal smear and was found positive at hospitalization.
Table 1

– Laboratory findings on hospital admission and after treatment.

ParametersOn hospital admissionAfter treatmentReference range
CRP (mg/dL)64170-5
Sedimentation (mm/h)35273-55 (>70 years old)
Procalcitonin (ng/mL)0.1770.054<0.5
WBCs (x103cells/mm3)5.22.95.2-12.4
Neutrophils (x103cells/microL)4.11.82.1-6.1
Lymphocytes (x103/microL)0.60.61.3-3.5
Platelets (x103/microL)180257156-373
Hemoglobin (g/dL)10.310.913.6-17.2
Hematocrit (%)30.933.239.5-50.3
D-dimer (ng/L)245485869-243
PT (sec)16.717.79.4-12.5
aPTT (sec)27.53225.4-38.4
TT (sec)23.7-15.8-24.9
INR INR1.421.510.8-1.1
Fibrinogen (mg/dL)301419200-393
Ferritin (ng/dL)105710224.63-204
Troponin T (ng/mL)0.0650.0240-0.014
LDH (U/L)3213490-247
ALT (U/L)6110-34
AST (U/L)18290-31
Creatine (mg/dL)0.310.280.66-1.29
Protein (g/dL)5.455.646.6-8.3
Albumin (g/dL)2.82.93.5-5.2
Na (mmol/L)130138136-146
K (mmol/L)3.773.973.3-5.1
Ca (mg/dL)7.678.378.8-10.6
Corrected Ca (mg/dL)8.639.179.2-9.64

CRP: C-reactive protein; WBCs: White blood cells; PT: Prothrombin time; aPTT: Activated partial thromboplastin time; TT: Thrombin time; INR: International normalized ratio; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; Na: Sodium; K: Potassium; Ca: Calcium.

Figure 1

– The ECG of the patient was normal.

Figure 2

– Intraluminal hypodense thrombi in the proximal left upper and lower lobes (green and yellow arrows) in the segmental-subsegmental pulmonary artery branches.

Figure 3

– Bilateral pleural effusions (blue arrows) and adjacent compressive atelectatic changes (yellow arrows), subsegmental atelectatis (red arrow), and type 1 gastroesophageal hiatal hernia (purple arrow).

CRP: C-reactive protein; WBCs: White blood cells; PT: Prothrombin time; aPTT: Activated partial thromboplastin time; TT: Thrombin time; INR: International normalized ratio; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; Na: Sodium; K: Potassium; Ca: Calcium.

Final diagnosis and treatment

The final diagnosis of the patient was COVID-19 infection with PE and bilateral pleural effusions. The patient was transferred to the COVID-positive service and treated with favipiravir (2x1600 mg/day on the first day and 2x600 mg/day for the next four days), moxifloxacin 1x400 mg/day and 2x0.6 IU low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH). Ten days later she was discharged from the hospital without the need for oxygen supplementation. The patient was prescribed low molecular weight heparin for one month and the treatment was subsequently continued with oral anticoagulants.

Discussion

In the current study, the patient presented with COVID-19 infection and concomitant PE, with pleural effusions. The complaints at the time of hospital admission were weakness, loss of appetite, and shortness of breath, which were expected to occur in a case of COVID-19 infection, but not expected in PE and pleural effusions, except for the dyspnea complaint.[8 , 9] Regarding the laboratory findings, the ferritin and CRP, troponin, and D-dimer levels were found to be elevated, as observed in patients with COVID-19 in a meta-analysis.[10] One of the most characteristic features of COVID-19 infections is peripheral/subpleural bilateral ground glass opacities (97,6%) on chest CT, whereas consolidation, interlobular septal thickening, crazy-paving pattern are seen in 63.9%, 62,7%, and 36,1% of the patients, respectively.[9] However, pleural effusion and pericardial effusion are seen between 3% to 28% of the patients.[9 , 11] It was reported that the distribution of imaging findings varies according to age. It was found that the ground-glass opacity (GGO) was mostly seen at younger ages (< 50 years old) (77%), and the consolidations with an organizing pneumonia pattern and pure consolidation were found at older ages (45%).[12] Although pleural effusions were more commonly found in elderly patients, it is uncertain whether age is a possible risk factor for the development of pleural effusion in COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, the significance of pleural effusions in COVID-19 pneumonia has not been well assessed due to the rarity of the disease, limited to case reports/series.[7 , 13] Although an increased coagulation state has been reported in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 when compared to healthy controls, there are limited publications on the prevalence or incidence of pulmonary embolism.[14 , 15] Thus, it will be a valuable step to perform contrasted chest CT scans in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia who present with sudden onset of dyspnea or those with elevated D-dimer levels to exclude pulmonary embolism, because the latter may be a complication of viral pneumonia.[16] The most common laboratory abnormality in COVID-19 coagulopathy is elevated D-dimer levels, which reflect the activation of the coagulation cascade, as seen in our patient.[5] The discriminative ability of D-dimer is substantially reduced when compared to the general population, and the evidence of high D-dimer serum levels alone cannot be considered for the diagnostic purposes.[4] Therefore, the clinicians should consider all COVID-19 patients to be at risk of venous thromboembolism, especially in the presence of late hospitalization after symptom onset, high-risk serum biomarker profile, and echocardiographic evidence of right ventricular dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension, all of which must alert the clinicians for the presence of PE.[4] In conclusion, high levels of D-dimer (higher than 1743 ng/mL) may be related to a diagnosis of PE during the COVID-19 pandemia. We should be aware of the possibility of overlapping PE and COVID-19, especially in patients with symptoms such as weakness and loss of appetite, which cannot be explained by PE alone.
  16 in total

Review 1.  Similarities Between Community-Acquired Pneumonia and Pulmonary Embolism.

Authors:  Oscar M P Jolobe
Journal:  Am J Med       Date:  2019-12       Impact factor: 4.965

Review 2.  Hematologic, biochemical and immune biomarker abnormalities associated with severe illness and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a meta-analysis.

Authors:  Brandon Michael Henry; Maria Helena Santos de Oliveira; Stefanie Benoit; Mario Plebani; Giuseppe Lippi
Journal:  Clin Chem Lab Med       Date:  2020-06-25       Impact factor: 3.694

3.  Prominent changes in blood coagulation of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Authors:  Huan Han; Lan Yang; Rui Liu; Fang Liu; Kai-Lang Wu; Jie Li; Xing-Hui Liu; Cheng-Liang Zhu
Journal:  Clin Chem Lab Med       Date:  2020-06-25       Impact factor: 3.694

4.  Incidence of pleural effusion in patients with pulmonary embolism.

Authors:  Min Liu; Ai Cui; Zhen-Guo Zhai; Xiao-Juan Guo; Man Li; Lei-Lei Teng; Li-Li Xu; Xiao-Juan Wang; Zhen Wang; Huan-Zhong Shi
Journal:  Chin Med J (Engl)       Date:  2015-04-20       Impact factor: 2.628

5.  Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment of Thromboembolic Complications in COVID-19: Report of the National Institute for Public Health of the Netherlands.

Authors:  Matthijs Oudkerk; Harry R Büller; Dirkjan Kuijpers; Nick van Es; Sytse F Oudkerk; Theresa McLoud; Diederik Gommers; Jaap van Dissel; Hugo Ten Cate; Edwin J R van Beek
Journal:  Radiology       Date:  2020-04-23       Impact factor: 11.105

6.  A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version).

Authors:  Ying-Hui Jin; Lin Cai; Zhen-Shun Cheng; Hong Cheng; Tong Deng; Yi-Pin Fan; Cheng Fang; Di Huang; Lu-Qi Huang; Qiao Huang; Yong Han; Bo Hu; Fen Hu; Bing-Hui Li; Yi-Rong Li; Ke Liang; Li-Kai Lin; Li-Sha Luo; Jing Ma; Lin-Lu Ma; Zhi-Yong Peng; Yun-Bao Pan; Zhen-Yu Pan; Xue-Qun Ren; Hui-Min Sun; Ying Wang; Yun-Yun Wang; Hong Weng; Chao-Jie Wei; Dong-Fang Wu; Jian Xia; Yong Xiong; Hai-Bo Xu; Xiao-Mei Yao; Yu-Feng Yuan; Tai-Sheng Ye; Xiao-Chun Zhang; Ying-Wen Zhang; Yin-Gao Zhang; Hua-Min Zhang; Yan Zhao; Ming-Juan Zhao; Hao Zi; Xian-Tao Zeng; Yong-Yan Wang; Xing-Huan Wang
Journal:  Mil Med Res       Date:  2020-02-06

7.  Pulmonary embolism in COVID-19 patients: prevalence, predictors and clinical outcome.

Authors:  Fernando Scudiero; Angelo Silverio; Marco Di Maio; Vincenzo Russo; Rodolfo Citro; Davide Personeni; Andrea Cafro; Antonello D'Andrea; Emilio Attena; Salvatore Pezzullo; Mario Enrico Canonico; Gennaro Galasso; Antonino Pitì; Guido Parodi
Journal:  Thromb Res       Date:  2020-11-17       Impact factor: 3.944

8.  The incidence of pleural effusion in COVID-19 pneumonia: State-of-the-art review.

Authors:  Woon H Chong; Biplab K Saha; Edward Conuel; Amit Chopra
Journal:  Heart Lung       Date:  2021-02-27       Impact factor: 2.210

9.  Frequency and Distribution of Chest Radiographic Findings in Patients Positive for COVID-19.

Authors:  Ho Yuen Frank Wong; Hiu Yin Sonia Lam; Ambrose Ho-Tung Fong; Siu Ting Leung; Thomas Wing-Yan Chin; Christine Shing Yen Lo; Macy Mei-Sze Lui; Jonan Chun Yin Lee; Keith Wan-Hang Chiu; Tom Wai-Hin Chung; Elaine Yuen Phin Lee; Eric Yuk Fai Wan; Ivan Fan Ngai Hung; Tina Poy Wing Lam; Michael D Kuo; Ming-Yen Ng
Journal:  Radiology       Date:  2020-03-27       Impact factor: 11.105

10.  The Clinical and Chest CT Features Associated With Severe and Critical COVID-19 Pneumonia.

Authors:  Kunhua Li; Jiong Wu; Faqi Wu; Dajing Guo; Linli Chen; Zheng Fang; Chuanming Li
Journal:  Invest Radiol       Date:  2020-06       Impact factor: 10.065

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