Longjia Yan1,2,3, Qin Wang1,3, Li Liu1,3, Yi Le1,2,3. 1. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China. 2. State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China. 3. Guizhou Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Drugs, Guiyang, China.
Abstract
This paper described our efforts to develop dianilinopyrimidines as novel EGFR inhibitors. All the target compounds were tested for inhibitory effects against wild type EGFR (EGFRwt) and three tumour cells, including A549, PC-3, and HepG2. Some of the compounds performed well in antitumor activities. Especially, compound 4c 2-((2-((4-(3-fluorobenzamido)phenyl)amino)-5-(trifluoromethyl) pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-N-methylthiophene-3-carboxamide showed higher anti-tumour activities than Gefitinib. The IC50 values of compound 4c against A549, PC-3, and HepG2. reached 0.56 μM, 2.46 μM, and 2.21 μM, respectively. In addition, further studies indicated that compound 4c could induce apoptosis against A549 cells and arrest A549 cells in the G2/M phase. Molecular docking studies showed that compound 4c could closely interact with EGFR. Generally, compound 4c was the potential for developing into an anti-tumour drug.
This paper described our efforts to develop dianilinopyrimidines as novel EGFR inhibitors. All the target compounds were tested for inhibitory effects against wild type EGFR (EGFRwt) and three tumour cells, including A549, PC-3, and HepG2. Some of the compounds performed well in antitumor activities. Especially, compound 4c 2-((2-((4-(3-fluorobenzamido)phenyl)amino)-5-(trifluoromethyl) pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-N-methylthiophene-3-carboxamide showed higher anti-tumour activities than Gefitinib. The IC50 values of compound 4c against A549, PC-3, and HepG2. reached 0.56 μM, 2.46 μM, and 2.21 μM, respectively. In addition, further studies indicated that compound 4c could induce apoptosis against A549 cells and arrest A549 cells in the G2/M phase. Molecular docking studies showed that compound 4c could closely interact with EGFR. Generally, compound 4c was the potential for developing into an anti-tumour drug.
Lung cancer is an incurable respiratory disease. It is one of the fastest-growing malignant tumours with incidence and mortality rate worldwide, which seriously endangers human life and health. Among the patients with lung cancer, they were diagnosed more than 75% as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Moreover, the five-year survival rate of patients with NSCLC is very low. Many studies have shown that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase was one of the critical targets for treating NSCLC.EGFR is a receptor for an epithelial growth factor (EGF) cell proliferation and signal transduction. It belongs to a family of ErbB receptors, which includes EGFR (HER1 or ErbB-1), HER2 (ErbB-2), HER3 (ErbB-3) and HER4 (ErbB-4). EGFR plays an essential role in regulating cell growth, proliferation and differentiation and other physiological activities of various cancer cells, which is an important target for anti-cancer drug research. As shown in Figure 1, lots of EGFR inhibitors such as Gefitinib, Afatinib, and Osimertinib have been approved in the market, which significantly improves the clinical treatment of NSCLC patients. However, with the continuously emerging resistance of EGFR inhibitors, the development of new EGFR inhibitors has become a hot topic in drug discovery.
Figure 1.
Anti-tumour drugs in the market.
Anti-tumour drugs in the market.Tremendous researches indicated that phenylaminopyrimidine (PAP) derivatives were important for new drug design,. Many anti-tumour reagents contained the fragment of PAP, such as Gleevec, Osimertinib, and Mobocertinib (Figure 1) In addition, a large number of molecules containing the structure of PAP (Blue colour in Figure 1) are in the stage of clinical research. To develop new anti-tumour reagents for the treatment of NSCLC, we are very interested in designing and synthesising new EGFR inhibitors. Our strategy is shown in Figure 2. Based on good anti-tumour activities of PAP, we were using 2-phenylaminopyrimidine (I, Figure 2) as the main skeleton and introducing aminothiophen moiety (II, Figure 2) into the 4-position of pyrimidine ring, which has been proved as the well bioactive backbone in many antimicrobial or anti-tumour reaents,. This paper will report our progress in 5-trifluoromethylpyrimidine derivatives bearing 2-aminothiophen moiety as EGFR inhibitors.
Figure 2.
The design strategy of EGFR inhibitors.
The design strategy of EGFR inhibitors.
Experimental section
All chemical reagents were commercially available in Energy Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. The NMR spectra were recorded on Bruker (Avance) 400 MHz and JEOL (Japan) 500 MHz NMR instrument with chemical reported as δ in CDCl3 and DMSO-d6, tetramethylsilane (TMS) as the internal standard. The high-resolution mass spectrometer (HRMS) was tested in TSQ 8000 and AB SCIEX X500R QTOF. Elemental analysis was recorded in vario EL Cube (Elementar, Germany).
2,4-Dichloro-5-trifluoromethylpyrimidine (10 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 2-amino-N-methylthiophene-3-carboxamide (11 mmol) and NaHCO3 (11 mmol) in anhydrous EtOH (20 mL) at room temperature. The resulted mixture was heated to reflux and stirred overnight before cool at room temperature. The precipitate was filtered out, washed with water to give the compound as yellow solid (1.344 g; 40% yield). mp: 136.3–138.2 °C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 13.68 (s, 1H), 8.75 (s, 1H), 8.59 (q, J = 4.8 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 2.82 (d, J = 4.4 Hz, 3H); 13 C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 166.1, 162.1, 157.1, 153.3, 144.8, 124.9, 122.9, 119.2, 116.7, 107.5, 26.3; ESI-HRMS C11H8ClF3N4OS ([M + Na]+): calcd 358.9951, found 358.9949. HMBC experiment, a correlation was observed between the C4-N-proton at 13.68 ppm and the C5(CF3)-carbon (pyrimidine ring) at 107.5 ppm.
To a solution of compound 2 (876 mg, 2 mmol) in methanol (20 mL) was added Pd/C (263 mg). The mixture was stirred at room temperature under hydrogen atmosphere for 24 h. The solution was filtered with celite and the filtration was evaporated under vacuum. The crude solid was recrystallized with methanol to afford compound 3 as yellow solid (0.286g; 35% yield). mp >250 °C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 12.82 (s, 1H), 9.38 (s, 1H), 8.37 (s, 2H), 7.58 − 6.88 (m, 4H), 6.57 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 4.97 (s, 2H), 2.80 (s, 3H); 13 C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 166.2, 156.3, 153.2, 146.2, 145.9, 138.4, 134.4, 130.0, 126.5, 123.8, 122.8, 117.2, 114.9, 114.8, 26.2; ESI-HRMS C17H15F3N6OS ([M + H]+): calcd 409.1052, found 409.1045.
Synthesis of 4a–4f
A mixture of compound 3 (408 mg, 1 mmol) and DMF (8 mL) and DIEA (258 mg, 2 mmol) was stirred at room temperature. And then, the corresponding acid (1 mmol) and HATU (570 mg, 1.5 mmol) were added to the solution. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h. The solution was extracted with EtOAc (100 mL × 3), and the combined organic phase was washed with saturated brine (50 mL × 3). The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulphate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford the crude compound. The residue was purified by silica-gel column using DCM/MeOH = 30/1 to give the product 4a–4f.
To a solution of compound 3 (1.224 g, 3 mmol) in DMF (15 mL) was added dimethyl squarate (426 mg, 3 mmol) and DIEA (516 mg, 4 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for overnight. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (150 mL × 2) and the combined organic phase was washed with saturated brine (100 mL × 3). The organic layer was dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford the crude compound. The residue was purified by silica-gel column using DCM/MeOH = 30/1 to give the product. White solid 886 mg; 57% yield; mp: 233.1–235.0 °C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 12.94 (s, 1H), 10.77 (s, 1H), 9.79 (d, J = 0.8 Hz, 1H), 8.55 − 8.35 (m, 2H), 7.62 (s, 2H), 7.38 (m, 3H), 7.01 (s, 1H), 4.39 (s, 3H), 2.80 (d, J = 3.6 Hz, 3H); 13 C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 187.5, 170.5, 167.2, 155.6, 153.0, 150.3, 145.1, 142.6, 136.8, 132.0, 128.6, 120.8, 119.1, 118.3, 116.4, 114.0, 112.2, 68.8, 41.0; ESI-HRMS C22H17F3N6O4S ([M + H]+): calcd 519.1056, found 519.1061.
Synthesis of 6a–6i
To a solution of compound 5 (518 mg, 1 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was the corresponding aniline (1.2 mmol) and DIEA (129 mg, 1 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 80 °C for 12 h. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (100 mL × 3) and the combined organic phase was washed with saturated brine (50 mL × 3). The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulphate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford the crude compound. The residue was purified by silica-gel column using DCM/MeOH = 30/1 to give the product 6a–6i.
A mixture of compound 6i (646 mg, 1 mmol) and hydrogen chloride-ethyl acetate solution (3 mL, 1 mol/L) was stirred at room temperature for overnight. The mixture was evaporated under vacuum and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL × 2) and the combined organic phase was washed with saturated brine (20 mL × 3). The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulphate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford the crude compound. The residue was recrystallized with methanol to afford compound 7. Yellow solid 431 mg; 79% yield; mp: 220.2–222.5 °C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 12.93 (s, 1H), 10.19 (s, 1H), 9.77 (d, J = 3.2 Hz, 1H), 8.50 − 8.40 (m, 2H), 8.22 (s, 1H), 7.99 (s, 2H), 7.60 (d, J = 4.0 Hz, 2H), 7.49 − 7.38 (m, 3H), 6.99 (d, J = 4.0 Hz, 1H), 3.82 (m, 2H), 3.09 (m, 2H), 2.80 (d, J = 4.4 Hz, 3H); 13 C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 181.2, 169.8, 166.2, 164.8, 159.3, 159.0, 158.6, 156.2, 153.2, 145.9, 130.9, 122.8, 119.0, 118.5, 117.4, 115.5, 115.2, 41.7, 38.9, 26.2; ESI-HRMS C23H21F3N8O3S ([M + H]+): calcd 547.1482, found 547.1489.
Synthesis of 8a–8g
A mixture of compound 7 (546 mg, 1 mmol) and DMF (10 mL) and DIEA (258 mg, 2 mmol) was stirred at room temperature. And then the corresponding acid (1 mmol) and HATU (760 mg, 2 mmol) were added into the solution. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for overnight. The solution was extracted with EtOAc (100 mL × 3) and the combined organic phase was washed with saturated brine (50 mL × 3). The organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated in vacuo to afford the crude compound. The residue was purified by silica-gel column using DCM/MeOH = 30/1 to give the product 8a–8g.
In vitro activities against wild type EGFR tyrosine kinase (EGFRwt) of compounds 4a–4f, 6a–6i, and 8a–8g were tested with ELISA assay. The corresponding biochemical reagents were purchased from PTM Bio. Co., Ltd. The IC50 values of compounds 4b, 4c, 6e, 6i, and 8e–8g were calculated from the dose − response curve, which was diluted to the corresponding concentration with kinase reaction buffer.
In vitro activity assay at cell level
Cytotoxicity evaluation (MTT assay)
Three tumour cells with high expression of EGFRwt were used to test the antitumor activity of the compounds including, A549 (Human non-small-cell lung cancer cell line) cells, PC-3 (Human prostate cancer cell line) cells, and HepG2 (Human hepatocellular carcinomas cell line) cells. They were all purchased from the Shanghai Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. L02 (normal human liver cell line) cells were also used to evaluate the cytotoxicity. In vitro cytotoxicity of compounds 4a–4f, 6a–6i, and 8a–8g against three cancer cells and the normal cells were tested with MTT assay as our previous report, and Gefitinib were used as positive controls. The IC50 values were calculated from the dose − response curve under Graph-Pad Prism.
Cell apoptosis and cycle analysis
A549 cells were treated with different concentrations of compound 4c under the kit’s instruction and then measured with Annexin V – FITC/PI apoptosis detection kit and Annexin V – FITC/PI cell cycle detection kit. The experimental data of apoptosis and cell cycle for A549 cells were evaluated in BD Accuri C6 flow cytometry (American BD Corporation Shanghai Co., Ltd.), provided by the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University.
Molecular docking
The X-ray crystal structures of EGFR were obtained from the PDB bank (PDB entry 1M17 and PDB entry 6DUK), which defined the binding modes. The possible binding modes of compound 4c were predicted with Sybyl X-2.0 software from Tripos Inc. USA.
Predicted ADMET studies
The absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and toxicity (ADMET) parameters of compounds 4b, 4c, 6e, 6i, 8e–8g and Gefitinib were calculated in CHARMM Force Field of Discovery Studio 2.5 Software (Accelrys, Inc., San Diego, USA).
Results and discussions
Chemistry
The syntheses of compounds 4a–4f were depicted in Scheme 1. Initially, 2,4-dichloro-5-trifluoromethyl-pyrimidine reacted with 2-amino-N-methylthiophene-3- carboxamide to produce compound 1 with 40% yield, which was confirmed by 1H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, HRMS and HMBC (CF3 group interaction with N4-H in compound 1). Subsequently, the 2-chloro group in the pyrimidine ring was substituted by 4-nitroaniline to give compound 2 with 43% yield. The nitro group of 2 was reduced to amino group at the presence of Pd/C, and compound 3 was obtained with 35% yield. At last, compound 3 reacted with different substituted carboxylic acids to obtain the compounds 4a–4f in 38%−46% yield.
Synthetic route of target compounds 4a–4f. Reagents and conditions: (a) 2-amino-N-methylthiophene-3-carboxamide, NaHCO3, EtOH, rt, overnight, 40% yield; (b) 4-nitroaniline, TFA, TFE, reflux, overnight, 43% yield; (c) Pd/C, MeOH, rt, 24 h, 35% yield; (d) corresponding acid, HATU, DIEA, DMF, rt, 12 h, 38%–46% yield.Cyclobutene diketone was a kind of important fragment found in many kinase inhibitors,. Based on the widely biological activity of cyclobutene diketone, we introduced it into our target compounds. As shown in Scheme 2, compounds 6a–6i and 8a–8g were prepared. Compound 3 in Scheme 1 as the starting material successfully reacted with 3,4-dimethoxy-3- cyclobutene-1,2-dione to obtain intermediate 5 in 57% yield. Then, compound 5 reacted with different substituted amines, giving the compounds 6a–6i in 35%−52% yields. After deprotected Boc group in compound 6i under HCl, we got the other critical intermediate 7 with a high yield. Finally, the target compounds 8a–8g were synthesised in the corresponding acid under the coupling reagent with moderate yield.
In vitro anti-tumour activity against cancer cell lines and kinases
Three tumour cell lines (A549, PC-3, and HepG2) were used to evaluate the antiproliferative activities of the final compounds with methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium colorimetric (MTT) assay. The IC50 values are listed in Table 1. Gefitinib was performed as the positive control. The results suggested that some of the compounds exhibited well activities for all cancer cell lines. Against A549 cells, compounds 4b, 4c, 4f, 6e, 6i, and 8c-8g were more potent than Gefitinib (IC50 = 8.48 μM). Especially, the IC50 value of compound 4c reached 0.56 μM for A549 cells. Against PC-3 cells, compounds 4a–4c, 4f, 6e, 6i, and 8c-8g were more potent than Gefitinib (IC50 = 17.75 μM). Against HepG2 cells, compounds 4a–4c, 4f, 6d, 6e, 6i, and 8c-8g were more potent than Gefitinib (IC50 = 15.86 μM). In order to preliminarily estimate the activities of compounds against EGFRwt, the inhibition effects of target compounds at 1 μM were tested with ELISA assay. It can be discerned from the results in Table 1 that only compounds 4b, 4c, 6e, 6i, and 8e–8g were more than 50% against EGFRwt. Hence, these seven compounds 4b, 4c, 6e, 6i, and 8e–8g were selected for further studies to access corresponding IC50 values against EGFRwt.
Table 1.
In vitro activities of target compounds for EGFRwt-TK and cancer cell linesa
Comp.
EGFRwt-TK inhibition rate (%, 1 μM)
IC50 (μM)a
A549
PC-3
HepG2
L02
4a
31.57 ± 3.27
9.32 ± 0.68
12.32 ± 0.89
11.46 ± 0.77
>40
4b
52.08 ± 1.93
4.33 ± 0.59
7.81 ± 0.53
7.62 ± 0.46
>40
4c
61.69 ± 2.08
0.56 ± 0.12
2.46 ± 0.42
2.21 ± 0.50
>40
4d
7.59 ± 0.25
>20
>20
>20
>40
4e
27.88 ± 1.34
>20
>20
>20
>40
4f
30.79 ± 1.09
6.14 ± 0.78
8.51 ± 0.64
8.36 ± 0.49
>40
6a
15.33 ± 0.48
>20
>20
>20
>40
6b
17.41 ± 0.32
>20
>20
>20
>40
6c
16.60 ± 0.21
>20
>20
>20
>40
6d
29.14 ± 1.03
10.13 ± 1.96
>20
14.09 ± 1.28
>40
6e
53.17 ± 3.05
7.14 ± 0.92
9.24 ± 0.86
9.00 ± 0.78
>40
6f
34.06 ± 1.29
18.11 ± 2.45
>20
>20
>40
6g
9.27 ± 0.25
>20
>20
>20
>40
6h
10.58 ± 0.93
>20
>20
>20
>40
6i
57.37 ± 1.82
3.11 ± 0.48
5.33 ± 0.47
5.24 ± 0.51
>40
8a
6.86 ± 0.11
>20
>20
>20
>40
8b
7.92 ± 0.54
>20
>20
>20
>40
8c
28.14 ± 1.27
7.32 ± 0.65
9.69 ± 1.13
9.54 ± 0.91
>40
8d
29.03 ± 1.55
6.14 ± 0.72
8.35 ± 0.74
8.28 ± 0.69
>40
8e
53.11 ± 1.75
3.15 ± 0.44
4.12 ± 0.65
4.31 ± 0.39
>40
8f
58.87 ± 1.92
2.17 ± 0.54
3.48 ± 0.22
3.09 ± 0.66
>40
8g
52.08 ± 1.93
3.14 ± 0.92
6.08 ± 0.94
5.33 ± 0.58
>40
Gefitinib
68.48 ± 0.79
8.48 ± 0.55
17.75 ± 1.38
15.86 ± 0.86
>40
aThe values are mean ± SD of three replicates.
In vitro activities of target compounds for EGFRwt-TK and cancer cell linesaaThe values are mean ± SD of three replicates.As shown in Table 2, the IC50 values of compound 4c reached 0.32 μM against EGFRwt. The others were much higher than compound 4c. Based on the results of EGFRwt, and three tumour cells, we found a similar structure-activity relationship (SAR) in both of them. The amide group (4a–4f) in the targets was more potent than the cyclobutene diketone derivatives (6a–6i). In addition, the extended chain compounds 8a–8g also performed moderate antiproliferative activities. In general, compound 4c was the best in all the target compounds, which was potentially developing into an anti-tumour reagent as the reports in literature.
Table 2.
IC50 values for EGFRwt
Entry
Comp.
R
EGFRwt-TK IC50 (μM)
1
4b
0.89 ± 0.12
2
4c
0.32 ± 0.047
3
6e
0.74 ± 0.10
4
6i
0.66 ± 0.13
5
8e
0.64 ± 0.10
6
8f
0.57 ± 0.29
7
8g
0.59 ± 0.15
8
Gefitinib
0.0061 ± 0.0003
aThe values are mean ± SD of three replicates.
IC50 values for EGFRwtaThe values are mean ± SD of three replicates.
Effects of compound 4c on cell apoptosis of A549 cell line
Apoptosis of A549 cells is an efficient route to clear out the extra cancer cells in the tissue homeostasis. It has been found that many drugs for EGFR could induce apoptosis of A549 cells. Therefore, compound 4c was employed to investigate apoptosis against A549 cells. As shown in Figure 3(A), flow cytometry analysis of A549 treated with 4c and Gefitinib at 1 µM, 5 µM, and 10 µM for 48 h demonstrated a notable increase in apoptotic cells with a dose-dependent fashion. Compared compound 4c with Gefitinib at the same concentration (Figure 3(B)), the results showed that compound 4c could better induce A549 cell apoptosis. Surprisingly, the ratio of apoptotic cells for compound 4c reached 10.70% (early) and 57.84% (late) at 10 µM, which was much higher than the ratio of Gefitinib (7.77% and 10.62%).
Figure 3.
Compound 4c induced A549 cell apoptosis in Annexin V-FITC assay. (A) Density plots were obtained by flow cytometry in the presence of different concentrations (1 μM, 5 μM and 10 μM); Gefitinib was used as the positive control. (B) Total apoptotic cells (%) at various concentrations of 4c and Gefitinib.
Compound 4c induced A549 cell apoptosis in Annexin V-FITC assay. (A) Density plots were obtained by flow cytometry in the presence of different concentrations (1 μM, 5 μM and 10 μM); Gefitinib was used as the positive control. (B) Total apoptotic cells (%) at various concentrations of 4c and Gefitinib.
Effects of compound 4c on cell cycle of A549 cell line
In order to investigate the effects of compound 4c on the A549 cell cycle, flow cytometry was employed. As shown in Figure 4, A549 cell lines were treated with compound 4c at 1 µM, 5 µM and 10 µM. For Gefitinib, the G2/M phase cells were slowly increased from 17.16% to 21.71%. Surprisingly, the G2/M phase cells of compound 4c sharply increased from 17.16% to 59.32%, which reached 51.09% at 1 µM concentration. These data indicated that compound 4c could arrest A549 cells in the G2/M phase.
Figure 4.
Cell cycle distribution of compound 4c and Gefitinib against A549 was studied by flow cytometry. (A) A549 cells were cultured in the presence of different concentrations of 4c (1 μM, 5 μM and 10 μM) or Gefitinib (1 μM, 5 μM and 10 μM) for 48 h, harvested, fixed, and labelled with PI, then analysed by FACS. Percentage of cells in G0/G1, S and G2/M phases are indicated. (B) Profiles obtained by FACS. The percentages for different phases of the cell cycle were illustrated in the histogram.
Cell cycle distribution of compound 4c and Gefitinib against A549 was studied by flow cytometry. (A) A549 cells were cultured in the presence of different concentrations of 4c (1 μM, 5 μM and 10 μM) or Gefitinib (1 μM, 5 μM and 10 μM) for 48 h, harvested, fixed, and labelled with PI, then analysed by FACS. Percentage of cells in G0/G1, S and G2/M phases are indicated. (B) Profiles obtained by FACS. The percentages for different phases of the cell cycle were illustrated in the histogram.
Molecular docking studies
Aiming to explain the activities of compound 4c against EGFR, the possible binding modes were investigated in molecular docking through Sybyl X-2.0 software. The crystal structures of EGFR (PDB entry 1M17) were used for identifying candidate binding modes. As shown in Figure 5(a and b), compound 4c formed hydrogen bonds with multiple amino acids, including Met769 (hydrogen bond length 2.8 Å), Asp776 (hydrogen bond length 2.7 Å), and Lys721 (hydrogen bond length 1.9 Å). Besides, compound 4c weakly formed hydrophobic interactions with Leu694, Val702, Leu764, Thr766, Gly772, Cys773 and Asp776. The other crystal structures of EGFR (PDB entry 6DUK) were also used for predicting possible binding modes. However, it was quite weaker than the allosteric inhibitor JBJ-04–125-02 (Supplementary Figure S1 and S2). These results indicate that compound 4c could closely combine with EGFR like the first-generation EGFR inhibitors.
Figure 5.
Docking structures of compound 4c. (a) Binding configuration of compounds 4c with EGFRwt (PDB: 1M17); (b) The 2 D model of compound 4c bound to EGFRwt (PDB: 1M17).
Docking structures of compound 4c. (a) Binding configuration of compounds 4c with EGFRwt (PDB: 1M17); (b) The 2 D model of compound 4c bound to EGFRwt (PDB: 1M17).
Predicted ADMET and stability studies
Computer-aided drug design (CADD) has been widely used to calculate ADMET for many years. Although there are some limits and disadvantages in predication of ADMET, it would provide some useful information for further studies. Therefore, the ADMET properties of selected compounds 4b, 4c, 6e, 6i, and 8e–8g were calculated through Discovery Studio 2.5 software (Accelrys, Inc., San Diego, USA). The calculated results indicated that all the target compounds were less toxic than Gefitinib. As shown in Table 3, the solubility levels of the target compounds were better than Gefitinib except for compound 8e. However, the absorption of Gefitinib was significantly potent than the target compounds. CYP2D6 (non-inhibitor of cytochrome P450 enzyme) is always used to predict drug toxicity. In the meantime, the calculated hepatotoxicity values, PPB values and log p values of target compounds showed well oral bioavailability, which were a little lower than Gefitinib.
Table 3.
Predicted ADMET properties of the target compounds.
Comp.
Solubility
Absorption
CYP2D6
Hepatotoxicity
PPB
AlogP98
4b
1
2
0
1
2
5.19
4c
1
2
0
1
2
5.19
6e
1
2
0
0
2
4.32
6i
1
3
0
0
0
3.68
8e
2
3
0
1
1
4.24
8f
1
3
0
1
1
4.44
8g
1
3
0
1
1
4.44
Gefitinib
2
0
1
0
1
4.20
Predicted ADMET properties of the target compounds.
Conclusion
In conclusion, a novel series of dianilinopyrimidines as EGFR inhibitors were designed and synthesised. All the target compounds were confirmed by 1H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, and HRMS. And then, these compounds were tested for inhibitory effects against EGFR and tumour cells (A549, PC-3, HepG2). The results showed that some of the compounds performed well in anti-tumour activities. In particular, compound 4c showed the best activities against all tumour cells (IC50 of 0.56 μM, 2.46 μM, and 2.21 μM, respectively). Further studies indicated that compound 4c could induce apoptosis A549 cells and arrest A549 cells in the G2/M phase. In addition, molecular docking and ADMET of compound 4c were also investigated.Click here for additional data file.
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Scheme 1.
Scheme 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.