| Literature DB >> 35250378 |
Richard Berger1, Ioannis Kyvernitakis2, Holger Maul2.
Abstract
The administration of a single course of corticosteroids before week 34 + 0 of gestation in cases with impending preterm birth is now standard procedure in obstetric care and firmly established in the guidelines of different countries. But despite the apparently convincing data, numerous aspects of this intervention have not yet been properly studied. It is still not clear which corticosteroid achieves the best results. There are very few studies on what constitutes an appropriate dose, circadian rhythms, the time frame in which corticosteroids are effective, and the balance between the risks and benefits of repeat administration. As the existing studies have rarely included patients before week 24 + 0 of gestation, we have very little information on the possible benefits of administering corticosteroids before this timepoint. If corticosteroids are administered antenatally after week 34 + 0 of gestation, the short-term benefit may be offset by the long-term adverse effect on psychomotor development. This present study summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding these issues. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commecial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).Entities:
Keywords: corticosteroids; dose; preterm birth; timing
Year: 2022 PMID: 35250378 PMCID: PMC8893986 DOI: 10.1055/a-1555-3444
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd ISSN: 0016-5751 Impact factor: 2.915
Table 1 International guidelines on the administration of antenatal corticosteroids to treat impending preterm birth.
| Guideline | 24 + 0 – 34 + 0 GW | < 24 + 0 GW | > 34 + 0 GW | Repeat administration |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
ACOG Committee Opinion No. 713
| Single cycle | Individual approach from GW 23 + 0 to GW 23 + 6 | Single cycle between GW 34 + 0 and GW 36 + 6 if no corticosteroids were previously administered | Consider administering repeat cycle depending on the risk of preterm birth |
|
NICE Guideline Preterm Labour and Birth
| Single cycle | Individual approach from GW 23 + 0 to GW 23 + 6 | Consider administering single cycle between GW 34 + 0 and GW 35 + 6 | Consider administering repeat cycle depending on the risk of preterm birth |
|
No. 364 – Antenatal Corticosteroid Therapy for improving Neonatal Outcomes Canada
| Single cycle up to GW 34 + 6 | Individual approach from GW 22 + 0 to GW 23 + 6 | Consider administering single cycle between 35 + 0 und 36 + 6 | Consider administering repeat cycle depending on the risk of preterm birth |
|
Prevention and Therapy of Preterm Birth 015 – 025
| Single cycle | Individual approach from GW 22 + 0 to GW 23 + 6 | No antenatal corticosteroids after GW 34 + 0 | Administer a repeat cycle only if there is a very high risk of preterm birth before GW 29 + 0 |
Table 2 Comparison of dexamethasone and betamethasone (ASTEROID trial). The impact of 2 × 12 mg dexamethasone was compared with the impact of 2 × 12 mg betamethasone on the mortality/neurosensory development of the children at the age of 2 years and on neonatal and maternal morbidity rates 14 .
| Dexamethasone | Betamethasone | RR | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | |||
| RR: relative risk; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval | ||||
|
| ||||
| Death or neurosensory disability at the age of 2 years | 198/603 (33%) | 192/591 (32%) | 0.97 | 0.83 – 1.13 |
|
| ||||
| Intraventricular hemorrhage | 34/752 (5%) | 32/737 (4%) | 1.09 | 0.67 – 1.78 |
| Periventricular leukomalacia | 2/752 (< 1%) | 2/737 (< 1%) | NA | NA |
| Respiratory distress syndrome | 183/752 (24%) | 174/737 (24%) | 1.03 | 0.87 – 1.13 |
|
| ||||
| Infections | 125/679 (18%) | 132/667 (20%) | 0.95 | 0.77 – 1.18 |
| Cesarean section | 295/679 (43%) | 346/667 (52%) | 0.84 | 0.75 – 0.93 |
| Postpartum hemorrhage | 128/679 (19%) | 141/667 (21%) | 0.87 | 0.71 – 1.08 |
Table 3 Comparison of a single dose of 12 mg betamethasone and two doses administered at an interval of 24 hours (BETADOSE trial). The trial compared the effect of administering a single dose of 12 mg betamethasone with the effect of two doses administered at an interval of 24 hours on neonatal mortality and morbidity 22 .
| 1 × 12 mg betamethasone | 2 × 12 mg betamethasone | Risk difference (95% CI) | p-value for superiority | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | |||
| 95% CI: 95% confidence interval | ||||
|
| ||||
| Respiratory distress syndrome | 304/1508 (20.2%) | 268/1484 (18.1%) | 2.2 (− 0.7 – 4.9) | |
|
| ||||
| Neonatal mortality | 54 (3.4%) | 50 (3.2%) | 0.68 | |
| Intraventricular hemorrhage grade III – IV | 17 (1.1%) | 27 (1.7%) | 0.13 | |
| Periventricular leukomalacia | 20 (1.3%) | 25 (1.6%) | 0.46 | |
| Necrotizing enterocolitis grade ≥ II | 31 (2.0%) | 20 (1.3%) | 0.12 | |
| Bronchopulmonary dysplasia | 66 (4.3%) | 73 (4.7%) | 0.55 | |
| Neonatal survival without severe morbidity | 1230 (78.6%) | 1270 (80.9%) | 0.11 | |
Table 4 Incidence of respiratory distress syndrome depending on the interval between corticosteroid administration and delivery 25 .
| Betamethasone | Control | RR | 95% CI | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | RDS (%) | n | RDS (%) | |||
| RR: relative risk; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| < 24 h | 260 | 26.1 | 257 | 28.7 | 0.87 | 0.66 – 1.15 |
| < 48 h | 171 | 22.2 | 203 | 33.5 | 0.63 | 0.43 – 0.92 |
| 1 – 7 days | 563 | 10.1 | 547 | 23.0 | 0.46 | 0.35 – 0.60 |
| > 7 days | 498 | 6.4 | 490 | 7.6 | 0.82 | 0.53 – 1.28 |
Table 5 Interval between corticosteroid administration and delivery depending on the indication, based on 29 .
| Interval: from corticosteroid administration to delivery | ||
|---|---|---|
| > 24 h – 7 days | < 24 h or > 7 days | |
| n (%) | n (%) | |
|
| ||
| Preterm rupture of membranes | 60 (46.2) | 70 (53.8) |
| Preterm labor | 49 (36.3) | 86 (63.7) |
| Pregnancy-induced hypertension | 90 (62.1) | 55 (37.9) |
| Asymptomatic cervical shortening | 6 (11.8) | 45 (88.2) |
| Fetal growth restriction, oligohydramnios | 13 (36.1) | 23 (63.9) |
| Vaginal bleeding, placental separation | 15 (20.6) | 58 (79.5) |
Table 6 Development of children at the age of 5 years after multiple administrations of corticosteroids compared to administration of a single cycle (MACS trial). Children who were born at term after receiving multiple administrations of corticosteroids (≥ 37 + 0 weeks of gestation) had significantly more neurosensory developmental disorders compared to infants born preterm (< 37 + 0 weeks of gestation) 37 .
| Children born preterm (n = 1257) | Children born at term (n = 462) | p-value of preterm vs. at-term infants | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | ||
| OR: odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval | |||||
|
| |||||
| Death or neurological disability at the age of 5 years | 0.87 (0.67 – 1.14) | 0.32 | 1.69 (1.04 – 2.77) | 0.04 | 0.02 |
|
| |||||
| Death | 0.91 (0.58 – 1.44) | 0.66 | 0.58 (0.52 – 6.47) | 0.65 | 0.72 |
| Neuromotor disability | No convergence | No convergence | |||
| Neurosensory disability | 0.84 (0.55 – 1.29) | 0.43 | 3.70 (1.57 – 8.75) | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Neurocognitive disability | 0.89 (0.62 – 1.28) | 0.53 | 1.31 (0.75 – 2.29) | 0.35 | 0.31 |
Tab. 1 Internationale Leitlinien zur Applikation von antenatalen Kortikosteroiden bei drohender Frühgeburt.
| Leitlinie | 24 + 0 – 34 + 0 SSW | < 24 + 0 SSW | > 34 + 0 SSW | wiederholte Gabe |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
ACOG Committee Opinion No. 713
| einmaliger Zyklus | individualisiertes Vorgehen von 23 + 0 bis 23 + 6 SSW | einmaliger Zyklus zwischen 34 + 0 – 36 + 6 SSW, falls vorher keine Kortikosteroide appliziert wurden | Wiederholungszyklus in Abhängigkeit vom Frühgeburtsrisiko in Betracht ziehen |
|
NICE Guideline Preterm Labour and Birth
| einmaliger Zyklus | individualisiertes Vorgehen von 23 + 0 bis 23 + 6 SSW | einmaligen Zyklus zwischen 34 + 0 und 35 + 6 in Betracht ziehen | Wiederholungszyklus in Abhängigkeit vom Frühgeburtsrisiko in Betracht ziehen |
|
No. 364 – Antanatal Corticosteroid Therapy for improving Neonatal Outcomes Canada
| einmaliger Zyklus bis 34 + 6 SSW | individualisiertes Vorgehen von 22 + 0 bis 23 + 6 SSW | einmaligen Zyklus zwischen 35 + 0 und 36 + 6 in Betracht ziehen | Wiederholungszyklus in Abhängigkeit vom Frühgeburtsrisiko in Betracht ziehen |
|
Prävention und Therapie der Frühgeburt 015 – 025
| einmaliger Zyklus | individualisiertes Vorgehen von 22 + 0 bis 23 + 6 SSW | keine antenatalen Kortikosteroide nach 34 + 0 SSW | Wiederholungszyklus nur bei sehr hohem Frühgeburtsrisiko vor 29 + 0 SSW |
Tab. 2 Vergleich Dexamethason vs. Betamethason (ASTEROID Trial). Verglichen wurde der Effekt von 2 × 12 mg Dexamethason vs. 2 × 12 mg Betamethason auf die Mortalität/neurosensorische Behinderung der Kinder im Alter von 2 Jahren sowie auf die neonatale und maternale Morbidität 14 .
| Dexamethason | Betamethason | RR | 95%-KI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | |||
| RR: relatives Risiko; 95%-KI: 95%-Konfidenzintervall | ||||
|
| ||||
| Tod oder neurosensorische Behinderung mit 2 Jahren | 198/603 (33%) | 192/591 (32%) | 0,97 | 0,83 – 1,13 |
|
| ||||
| Hirnblutung | 34/752 (5%) | 32/737 (4%) | 1,09 | 0,67 – 1,78 |
| periventrikuläre Leukomalazie | 2/752 (< 1%) | 2/737 (< 1%) | NA | NA |
| Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 183/752 (24%) | 174/737 (24%) | 1,03 | 0,87 – 1,13 |
|
| ||||
| Infektionen | 125/679 (18%) | 132/667 (20%) | 0,95 | 0,77 – 1,18 |
| Sectio caesarea | 295/679 (43%) | 346/667 (52%) | 0,84 | 0,75 – 0,93 |
| postpartale Blutung | 128/679 (19%) | 141/667 (21%) | 0,87 | 0,71 – 1,08 |
Tab. 3 Vergleich einer einmaligen Gabe von 12 mg Betamethason mit einer zweimaligen Gabe im Abstand von 24 Stunden (BETADOSE Trial). Verglichen wurde der Effekt einer einmaligen Gabe von 12 mg Betamethason vs. einer zweimaligen Gabe im Abstand von 24 Stunden auf die neonatale Mortalität und Morbidität 22 .
| 1 × 12 mg Betamethason | 2 × 12 mg Betamethason | Risk Difference (95%-KI) | p-Wert für Superiority | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | |||
| 95%-KI: 95%-Konfidenzintervall | ||||
|
| ||||
| Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 304/1508 (20,2%) | 268/1484 (18,1%) | 2,2 (− 0,7 – 4,9) | |
|
| ||||
| neonatale Mortalität | 54 (3,4%) | 50 (3,2%) | 0,68 | |
| Hirnblutung Grad III – IV | 17 (1,1%) | 27 (1,7%) | 0,13 | |
| periventrikuläre Leukomalazie | 20 (1,3%) | 25 (1,6%) | 0,46 | |
| nekrotisierende Enterokolitis Grad ≥ II | 31 (2,0%) | 20 (1,3%) | 0,12 | |
| bronchopulmonale Dysplasie | 66 (4,3%) | 73 (4,7%) | 0,55 | |
| neonatales Überleben ohne schwere Morbididtät | 1230 (78,6%) | 1270 (80,9%) | 0,11 | |
Tab. 4 Inzidenz des Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Abhängigkeit vom Zeitintervall zwischen Applikation der Kortikosteroide und der Entbindung 25 .
| Betamethason | Kontrolle | RR | 95%-KI | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | RDS (%) | n | RDS (%) | |||
| RR: relatives Risiko; 95%-KI: 95%-Konfidenzintervall | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| < 24 h | 260 | 26,1 | 257 | 28,7 | 0,87 | 0,66 – 1,15 |
| < 48 h | 171 | 22,2 | 203 | 33,5 | 0,63 | 0,43 – 0,92 |
| 1 – 7 Tage | 563 | 10,1 | 547 | 23,0 | 0,46 | 0,35 – 0,60 |
| > 7 Tage | 498 | 6,4 | 490 | 7,6 | 0,82 | 0,53 – 1,28 |
Tab. 5 Zeitintervall zwischen Kortikosteroid-Applikation und Entbindung in Abhängigkeit von der Indikation, nach 29 .
| Intervall: Kortikosteroid-Applikation bis zur Entbindung | ||
|---|---|---|
| > 24 h – 7 Tage | < 24 h oder > 7 Tage | |
| n (%) | n (%) | |
|
| ||
| vorzeitiger Blasensprung | 60 (46,2) | 70 (53,8) |
| vorzeitige Wehentätigkeit | 49 (36,3) | 86 (63,7) |
| schwangerschaftsinduzierte Hypertonie | 90 (62,1) | 55 (37,9) |
| asymptomatische Verkürzung der Zervixlänge | 6 (11,8) | 45 (88,2) |
| fetale Wachstumsrestriktion, Oligohydramnion | 13 (36,1) | 23 (63,9) |
| vaginale Blutung, Plazentalösung | 15 (20,6) | 58 (79,5) |
Tab. 6 Entwicklung von Kindern im Alter von 5 Jahren nach multipler Applikation von Kortikosteroiden im Vergleich zur einmaligen Applikation (MACS Trial). Kinder, die nach multipler Applikation von Kortikosteroiden reif (≥ 37 + 0 SSW) geboren werden, haben im Vergleich zu unreif geborenen (< 37 + 0 SSW) signifikant häufiger neurosensorische Entwicklungsstörungen 37 .
| frühgeborene Kinder (n = 1257) | reifgeborene Kinder (n = 462) | p-Wert Frühgeborene vs. Reifgeborene | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95%-KI) | p-Wert | OR (95%-KI) | p-Wert | ||
| OR: Odds Ratio; 95%-KI: 95%-Konfidenzintervall | |||||
|
| |||||
| Tod oder neurologische Beeinträchtigung im Alter von 5 Jahren | 0,87 (0,67 – 1,14) | 0,32 | 1,69 (1,04 – 2,77) | 0,04 | 0,02 |
|
| |||||
| Tod | 0,91 (0,58 – 1,44) | 0,66 | 0,58 (0,52 – 6,47) | 0,65 | 0,72 |
| neuromotorische Beeinträchtigung | keine Konvergenz | keine Konvergenz | |||
| neurosensorische Beeinträchtigung | 0,84 (0,55 – 1,29) | 0,43 | 3,70 (1,57 – 8,75) | 0,004 | 0,005 |
| neurokognitive Beeinträchtigung | 0,89 (0,62 – 1,28) | 0,53 | 1,31 (0,75 – 2,29) | 0,35 | 0,31 |