Mohd Danial Mohd Efendy Goon1,2,3, Nur Izzati Zulkanain1,2, Siti Hamimah Sheikh Abdul Kadir1,2,3, Sharaniza Ab Rahim1, Musalmah Mazlan1, Normala Abd Latip4, Mardiana Abdul Aziz5, Norizal Mohd Noor5. 1. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia. 2. Institute for Pathology, Laboratory and Forensics (I-PPerForM), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia. 3. Institute of Molecular Medicine Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia. 4. Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Products Discovery (AuRIns), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia. 5. Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in Asian countries is increasing at concerning level. Currently, no specific treatment available to prevent its oxidative stress and progression except for diet and lifestyle changes. Vitamin E such as tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) has a promising potential in preventing NAFLD progression. TRF is a potent antioxidant but has low bioavailability due to the use of long-chain triglycerides (LCT) as its carrier. Testing of potential therapeutic agents such as TRF are commonly carried out using animal models. These animal models are often costly due to limited access to the supply especially Asian countries and predisposed to high transportation cost. Lower expenditure of NAFLD model should be investigated without forfeiting the outcome of study. Therefore, this study addresses the gap by utilizing the ICR mice as NAFLD model through dietary modification and testing on the newly formulated TRF with combination of palm kernel oil (PKO) as a medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) carrier. METHODS: Fifteen ICR strain mice were randomly group into two control and one treatment group. Control groups received high-fat diet (HFD) only and standard diet while treatment group was given HFD with TRF (200 mg/kg/day). Study was carried out for 10 weeks. Weights were recorded twice a week. At the end of study, all mice were euthanized and data such weights, waist circumference and random blood glucose were recorded. Liver from each mouse were prepared for histology assessment. RESULTS: Mice mean weights and random blood sugar showed no difference between group (P>0.05) while significance waist circumference was larger in HFD and TRF groups compared to SD (P<0.05). Histology assessment showed steatosis in TRF group had lower severity compared to HFD group. NAFLD activity score (NAS) was lower in treatment group compared to HFD group. CONCLUSIONS: TRF showed promising potential as an agent to reduce NAFLD progression in ICR mice. Further study at gene and protein levels are required to fully elucidate the mechanism of this new TRF formulation in reducing NAFLD progression. 2022 Translational Gastroenterology and Hepatology. All rights reserved.
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in Asian countries is increasing at concerning level. Currently, no specific treatment available to prevent its oxidative stress and progression except for diet and lifestyle changes. Vitamin E such as tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) has a promising potential in preventing NAFLD progression. TRF is a potent antioxidant but has low bioavailability due to the use of long-chain triglycerides (LCT) as its carrier. Testing of potential therapeutic agents such as TRF are commonly carried out using animal models. These animal models are often costly due to limited access to the supply especially Asian countries and predisposed to high transportation cost. Lower expenditure of NAFLD model should be investigated without forfeiting the outcome of study. Therefore, this study addresses the gap by utilizing the ICR mice as NAFLD model through dietary modification and testing on the newly formulated TRF with combination of palm kernel oil (PKO) as a medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) carrier. METHODS: Fifteen ICR strain mice were randomly group into two control and one treatment group. Control groups received high-fat diet (HFD) only and standard diet while treatment group was given HFD with TRF (200 mg/kg/day). Study was carried out for 10 weeks. Weights were recorded twice a week. At the end of study, all mice were euthanized and data such weights, waist circumference and random blood glucose were recorded. Liver from each mouse were prepared for histology assessment. RESULTS: Mice mean weights and random blood sugar showed no difference between group (P>0.05) while significance waist circumference was larger in HFD and TRF groups compared to SD (P<0.05). Histology assessment showed steatosis in TRF group had lower severity compared to HFD group. NAFLD activity score (NAS) was lower in treatment group compared to HFD group. CONCLUSIONS: TRF showed promising potential as an agent to reduce NAFLD progression in ICR mice. Further study at gene and protein levels are required to fully elucidate the mechanism of this new TRF formulation in reducing NAFLD progression. 2022 Translational Gastroenterology and Hepatology. All rights reserved.
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