Targeting nanoparticles to malignant tumors.

Nanomaterials are at the forefront of health research and development. Among different nanomaterials, nanoparticles are especially promising for cancer theranostics. However, despite great potential, the clinical translation of nano-based applications continues to face obstacles. A major hurdle to the localized eradication of tumors is the efficient targeting of nanomaterials to the desired tissues and cells. In particular, nanoparticle properties and the route of administration impact the efficacy of precision nanomedicine. This review focuses on nanoparticles that have been produced for the detection and treatment of cancer. Common and tissue-specific barriers that limit the accumulation of nanoparticles in malignant tumors are discussed. The in-depth discussion focuses on the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles and the surface modifications that achieve efficient accumulation at tumor sites. Furthermore, limitations of current strategies and open questions are presented. The review concludes with an outlook on future directions and the trajectories that will drive the field forward to advance nano-oncology in the clinic.