Doctor-led intensive diet education on health-related quality of life in patients with chronic renal failure and hyperphosphatemia.

BACKGROUND: Secondary hyperparathyroidism, renal osteodystrophy, and cardiovascular adverse events can occur if long-term hyperphosphatemia is not corrected, leading to the adverse prognosis of patients with chronic renal failure. Besides the use of phosphorus binders, clinical control measures for hyperphosphatemia in these patients should also incorporate diet control. AIM: To observe doctor-led intensive diet education effects on health-related quality of life in patients with chronic renal failure and hyperphosphatemia.
METHODS: We assessed 120 patients with hyperphosphatemia and chronic renal failure on hemodialysis admitted to our hospital (July 2018 to March 2020). The control group (n = 60) was given routine nursing guidance, and the observation group (n = 60) was given doctor-led intensive diet education. The changes in EQ-5D-3L scores, disease-related knowledge, and compliance scores before intervention and 3 and 6 mo after intervention in the two groups were recorded. The levels of serum parathyroid hormone (iPTH), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), calcium-phosphorus product (Ca × P), serum creatinine (Scr), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) before intervention and 3 and 6 mo after intervention in the two groups were assessed along with patient satisfaction.
RESULTS: There was no significant difference in blood iPTH, Ca, P, Ca × P, Scr, or BUN levels between the groups before intervention. After 3 and 6 mo of intervention, the blood iPTH, Ca, P, and Ca × P levels in the two groups decreased gradually (P < 0.05), but there were no significant differences in Scr or BUN. The blood iPTH, Ca, P, and Ca × P levels in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The satisfaction rate in the observation group after 3 mo was 93.33% and after 6, 90.00%, which was high compared with the 80.00% and 71.67%, respectively, in the control group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in EQ-5D-3L score between the two groups before intervention. After 3 and 6 mo of intervention, the visual analogue scale score of the two groups increased gradually (P < 0.05); and the scores of action ability, self-care, daily activities, pain and discomfort, and anxiety and depression decreased gradually (P < 0.05). The overall EQ-5D-3L score in the observation group was better than that in the control group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in disease-related knowledge or compliance scores between the groups before intervention. After 3 and 6 mo of intervention, the scores of disease, diet, and medication knowledge and compliance in the two groups increased gradually (P < 0.05). The scores of disease-related knowledge and compliance were higher in the observation group than in the control group (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Doctor-led intensive diet education can improve patient satisfaction and the quality of life in patients with chronic renal failure and hyperphosphatemia and promote low-phosphorus diet behavior. ©The Author(s) 2022. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

Core Tip: Clinical control of hyperphosphatemia in patients with chronic renal failure, can be improved with innovative diet interventions. Compared with conventional nursing interventions, doctor-led intensive diet education can better promote patients’ mastery of and compliance with health knowledge, and thereby, aid in effective regulation of the balance of calcium and phosphorus in patients’ bodies and further improve the quality of patients’ lives.

INTRODUCTION

Chronic renal failure is the final stage of kidney disease wherein renal function in patients is almost lost. Therefore, maintenance hemodialysis is needed for renal replacement therapy. Hyperphosphatemia, which is related to renal dysfunction and endocrine changes, is a common complication during treatment[1-4]. The lack of knowledge about hyperphosphatemia in patients with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis affects their rational diet and medication according to doctor 's advice, which directly causes the continuous increase of blood phosphorus levels. Therefore, health education during treatment is necessary[5]. At present, the nursing staff is mostly responsible for the health education of patients. Communication and interaction between doctors and patients is limited, and the content of health education may be poorly remembered. Doctor-led health education can improve the interactions between doctors, nurses, and patients and has a good intervention effect on multiple lifestyle-related diseases[6]. This study observed the effect of doctor-led intensive diet education on health-related quality of life in patients with chronic renal failure and hyperphosphatemia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Baseline data

A total of 120 patients with chronic renal failure and hyperphosphatemia on hemodialysis who were admitted to our hospital between July 2018 and March 2020 were selected as the research subjects. There were 67 male and 53 female patients; their ages ranged from 42 to 70 years, with an average age of 60.25 ± 7.85 years. According to the treatment method, patients were divided into two groups with 60 patients each. As shown in Table 1, no significant difference (P > 0.05) was reported for the general data comparison.

Table 1

General data comparison between patient groups

Group	Control group (n = 60)	Observation group (n = 60)
Male/female	35/25	33/27
Age (yr)	60.14 ± 8.23	59.96 ± 8.17
Dialysis time (mo)	12.86 ± 2.11	12.78 ± 2.53
Dialysis frequency (sub/w)	2.81 ± 0.56	2.78 ± 0.61
Dialysis duration (h/w)	10.52 ± 2.12	10.48 ± 2.25
Cause of renal failure (glomerulonephritis/hypertension/diabetes/others)	24/16/14/6	25/13/15/7
Education background (Junior and below/High and Junior/undergraduate and above)	12/35/13	10/34/16
Marriage status (Unwed/married/divorced)	6/47/7	9/46/5
Fee payment method (Medical care/Rural cooperative care/self-funded)	43/13/4	38/17/5

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Inclusion criteria for our study were defined as follows. (1) In line with the standard of chronic renal failure[7]; (2) Blood phosphorus was ≥ 1.78 mmol/L while phosphate binders were taken; (3) Age was ≥ 18 years but ≤ 70 years; (4) Expected survival period was > 6 mo, the disease was relatively stable, and patient’s understanding ability was good (i.e., the ability to cooperate with the treatment and curative effect evaluation); (5) Hemodialysis treatment was for ≥ 6 mo; and (6) Complete clinical data was available.

Patients were excluded if they had: (1) Chronic renal failure combined with heart failure, severe infection, malignant tumor, or other serious complications; (2) Central nervous system diseases, infectious diseases, or severe depression and anxiety; or (3) A history of diseases that could affect calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and parathyroid hormone (iPTH) metabolism.

Methods

The control group was given routine health guidance and publicity materials, such as the Handbook of Health Education for Dialysis Patients. The educational topics reviewed with patients included the causes of hyperphosphatemia in patients on hemodialysis, its clinical manifestations, hazards, treatment drugs, medication precautions, common phosphorus-rich foods, methods to reduce phosphorus intake in the diet, and common food phosphorus/protein ratios. Nursing staff carried out oral education during hemodialysis.

The observation group was given doctor-led intensive diet education on the basis of the control group, and the intensive health instructors included bed doctors and responsible nurses. Doctors gave lectures regularly and organized patients to carry out centralized education, consistent with the Handbook of Health Education for Dialysis Patients. Doctors used common pictures of high phosphorus foods in the form of slides and oral lectures to enhance the understanding and memory of patients and their families. Doctors described ways to reduce phosphorus intake in patients’ daily diets and guidelines for cooking. Types of common phosphate binders, methods of intake, and associated precautions were also introduced. According to the patients’ conditions, examination results, complications, etc., personalized diet guidance was given to encourage patients to ask questions and to answer patients’ questions in detail. A Diet Diary was issued, and patients were asked to record the type and quantity of food consumed for 3 consecutive days. In accordance with their entries, the problems existing in patients’ diets were understood and corrected.

Indices

The changes in EQ-5D-3L scores, disease-related knowledge, and compliance scores before intervention and 3 and 6 mo after intervention in the two groups were recorded. The levels of serum iPTH, Ca, P, calcium-phosphorus product (Ca × P), serum creatinine (Scr), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) before intervention and 3 and 6 mo after intervention in the two groups were detected, and the satisfaction of the two groups was statistically analyzed.

Detection method

The venous blood of patients under a fasting state and before dialysis was collected before intervention and 3 and 6 mo after intervention. The blood was centrifuged at 3500 r/min for 10 min. Serum was used to detect iPTH with a chemiluminescence immunoassay analyzer (Roche, E601). The blood Ca, P, Scr, and BUN levels were detected using the 7600 automatic biochemical analyzer and its supporting reagents from Hitachi, Japan. Serum Ca × P levels were subsequently calculated.

Evaluation standard

EQ-5D-3L scores[8] included the health description system and visual analogue scale (VAS) scores. The health description system included five dimensions: action ability, self-care, daily activities, pain and discomfort, and anxiety and depression. The higher the score, the lower the quality of life in patients. The VAS score was assessed on a 100-point scale. The higher the score, the better the patient’s health status. Disease-related knowledge scores were determined using self-administered questionnaires that covered disease, diet, and medication knowledge of three methods. Each of these aspects was assessed on a 100-point scale. The higher the score, the richer the patient’s disease-related knowledge.

Patients’ compliance scores were assigned based on a self-administered questionnaire and evaluated on a 100-point scale. The higher the score, the better the patient’s compliance.

Similarly, patient satisfaction was determined using the self-administered questionnaire and evaluated on a 100-point scale. A total score 90 was indicative of a rating of “very satisfactory”. The total score was 70-90. A total score < 70 indicated a patient rating of “not satisfactory”.

Statistical analysis

SPSS Statistics 19.0 software was used to process the data. Measurement indicators were described by mean ± SD. Independent sample t-test was used to compare data between groups, paired t-test was used to compare data within groups, and the χ2 test was used to compare count data. A P value of less than 0.05 was statistically significant.

RESULTS

Comparison of blood iPTH, Ca, P, and Ca × P levels between the two groups

There was no significant difference in blood iPTH, Ca, P, or Ca × P levels between the two groups before intervention (P > 0.05). After 3 and 6 mo of intervention, the blood iPTH, Ca, P, and Ca × P levels in the two groups decreased gradually (P < 0.05). Further comparison showed that the blood iPTH, Ca, P, and Ca × P levels in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05) (Table 2).

Table 2

Comparison of blood parathyroid hormone, calcium, phosphorus, and calcium-phosphorus product levels between the two groups (mean ± SD)

Group	Number of examples	Time	Blood, iPTH (pg/mL)	Blood-based Ca (mmol/L)	Blood-P (mmol/L)	Ca × P (mmol2/L2)
Control group	60	Before the intervention	379.63 ± 43.25	2.30 ± 0.25	2.15 ± 0.36	4.82 ± 0.69
		Intervention for 3 mo	312.36 ± 36.21a	2.19 ± 0.22a	2.02 ± 0.29a	4.61 ± 0.56a
		Intervention for 6 mo	295.69 ± 21.44a	2.11 ± 0.26a	2.05 ± 0.25a	4.55 ± 0.56a
Observation group	60	Before the intervention	383.45 ± 42.96	2.28 ± 0.26	2.19 ± 0.33	1.78 ± 0.78
		Intervention for 3 mo	296.88 ± 28.02a,d	2.11 ± 0.21a,d	1.73 ± 0.31a,d	4.15 ± 0.46 a,d
		Intervention for 6 mo	249.63 ± 23.44a,d	2.08 ± 0.26a,d	1.70 ± 0.26a,d	4.08 ± 0.49a,d

P < 0.05 vs those before intervention in this group.

P < 0.05 vs the control group.

iPTH: Serum parathyroid hormone; Ca: Calcium; P: Phosphorus; Ca × P calcium-phosphorus product.

Comparison of renal function indices between the two groups

Before and 3 and 6 mo after intervention, there were no significant differences in Scr or BUN between the two groups (P > 0.05). Further comparison between the observation and control groups showed that there were still no significant differences in Scr and BUN (P > 0.05) (Table 3).

Table 3

Comparison of renal function indicators between the two groups (mean ± SD)

Group	Number of examples	Time	Scr (μmol/L)	BUN (mmol/L)
Control group	60	Before the intervention	1120.36 ± 241.36	36.85 ± 10.52
		Intervention for 3 mo	1055.89 ± 269.33a	35.84 ± 9.88a
		Intervention for 6 mo	1078.96 ± 271.54a	37.11 ± 12.45a
Observation group	60	Before the intervention	1098.36 ± 268.11	37.32 ± 9.25
		Intervention for 3 mo	1102.42 ± 301.02a,d	40.02 ± 10.47a,d
		Intervention for 6 mo	1083.67 ± 274.25a,d	38.96 ± 9.02a,d

P < 0.05 vs those before intervention in this group.

P < 0.05 vs the control group.

Scr: Serum creatinine; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen.

Comparison of satisfaction between the two groups

The satisfaction rate in the observation group after 3 mo of intervention was 93.33% and after 6 mo, 90.00%, which was high compared with the 80.00% and 71.67%, respectively, in the control group (P < 0.05) (Table 4).

Table 4

Comparison of patient satisfaction between the two groups, n (%)

Group	Number of examples	Time	Very satisfied	Satisfaction	Not satisfied	Satisfaction level
Control group	60	Three months	28 (46.67)	20 (33.33)	12 (20.00)	48 (80.00)
		Six months	34 (56.67)	22 (36.67)	4 (6.67)	56 (93.33)
Observation group	60	Three months	22 (36.67)	21 (35.00)	17 (28.33)	43 (71.67)a
		Six months	30 (50.00)	24 (40.00)	6 (10.00)	54 (90.00)a

P < 0.05 vs the control group.

Comparison of EQ-5D-3L score between the two groups

There was no significant difference in EQ-5D-3L scores between the two groups before intervention (P > 0.05). After 3 and 6 mo of intervention, the VAS scores of the two groups increased gradually (P < 0.05), and the scores of action ability, self-care, daily activities, pain and discomfort, and anxiety and depression decreased gradually (P < 0.05). Further comparison revealed that the overall EQ-5D-3L score of the observation group was better than that of the control group (P < 0.05) (Table 5).

Table 5

Comparison of EQ-5D-3L scores between the two groups (mean ± SD, points)

Group	Number of examples	Time	Action ability	Self-care	Daily activities	Pain and discomfort	Anxiety and frustration	VAS score
Control group	60	Before the intervention	2.03 ± 0.44	2.12 ± 0.51	1.78 ± 0.62	2.16 ± 0.41	2.03 ± 0.52	58.25 ± 12.03
		Intervention for 3 mo	1.54 ± 0.32a	1.43 ± 0.43a	1.21 ± 0.32a	1.46 ± 0.37a	1.50 ± 0.46a	69.36 ± 7.14a
		Intervention for 6 mo	1.56 ± 0.41a	1.42 ± 0.32a	1.26 ± 0.25a	1.38 ± 0.26a	1.44 ± 0.51a	68.23 ± 8.27a
Observation group	60	Before the intervention	2.01 ± 0.42	2.14 ± 0.47	1.75 ± 0.56	2.12 ± 0.43	2.06 ± 0.47	57.44 ± 12.85
		Intervention for 3 mo	1.32 ± 0.25a,d	1.26 ± 0.37a,d	1.09 ± 0.26a,d	1.24 ± 0.33a,d	1.34 ± 0.39a,d	75.89 ± 6.98a,d
		Intervention for 6 mo	1.33 ± 0.21a,d	1.22 ± 0.32a,d	1.05 ± 0.24a,d	1.25 ± 0.29a,d	1.29 ± 0.27a,d	77.02 ± 8.45a,d

P < 0.05 vs those before intervention in this group.

P < 0.05 vs the control group.

VAS: Visual analogue scale.

Comparison of disease-related knowledge and compliance scores between two groups

There was no significant difference in disease-related knowledge or compliance scores between the two groups before intervention (P > 0.05). After 3 and 6 mo of intervention, the scores of disease, diet, and medication knowledge and compliance in the two groups increased gradually (P < 0.05). Further comparison revealed that the scores of disease-related knowledge and compliance in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05) (Table 6).

Table 6

Comparison of disease-related knowledge and compliance scores between the two groups (mean ± SD, points)

Group	Number of examples	Time	Disease knowledge	Diet knowledge	Drug-taking knowledge	Compliance
Control group	60	Before the intervention	52.14 ± 6.14	61.14 ± 5.85	46.96 ± 5.25	58.23 ± 10.02
		Intervention for 3 mo	68.96 ± 5.44a	73.36 ± 6.02a	68.11 ± 6.36a	74.01 ± 6.59a
		Intervention for 6 mo	69.23 ± 6.01a	71.45 ± 5.22a	64.25 ± 5.23a	72.85 ± 6.98a
Observation group	60	Before the intervention	51.92 ± 8.98	60.88 ± 7.23	48.02 ± 6.32	57.96 ± 8.97
		Intervention for 3 mo	87.12 ± 6.55a,d	84.96 ± 8.02a,d	82.55 ± 7.65a,d	87.55 ± 7.14a,d
		Intervention for 6 mo	86.25 ± 7.12a,d	84.98 ± 7.96a,d	85.02 ± 6.44 a,d	86.96 ± 8.05a,d

P < 0.05 vs those before intervention in this group.

P < 0.05 vs the control group.

DISCUSSION

Hyperphosphatemia is a common metabolic comorbidity in patients on hemodialysis that can stimulate iPTH secretion, aggravate mineral metabolism disorders, cause renal bone disease and skin itching (pruritus), and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease[9]. At present, the clinical treatment of hyperphosphatemia in patients with chronic renal failure mainly proceeds from hemodialysis, the use of intestinal phosphorus binders, and restriction of dietary phosphorus intake[10].

Blood phosphorus mainly comes from food and is absorbed through the small intestine. Patients on hemodialysis need a high-protein diet due to excessive protein consumption. The high phosphorus content of protein leads to an increase in phosphorus intake. In patients with chronic renal failure, glomerular filtration function decreases, as does the ability to excrete phosphorus. Thus, it is vital to instruct patients to follow a reasonable diet to achieve a balance between protein intake and phosphorus intake.

Although increasing the frequency and duration of dialysis and taking intestinal phosphorus binders can reduce the amount of phosphorous in the blood to a certain extent, such activities still may not work to maintain blood phosphorus within the normal range. Correct diet control is of great importance to reduce blood phosphorus levels[11]. However, most patients lack the knowledge of diet control and cannot achieve satisfactory self-management results. Under conventional intervention methods, the nursing staff is mostly responsible for health education, and measures such as the distribution of publicity materials and oral education between diagnosis and treatment are adopted. However, because of the differences in patients’ understanding capability and educational level, the effect of health education is not ideal[12].

Doctor-led intensive diet education is based on regular health education with doctor interventions, regular lectures, and face-to-face health education with patients via a combination of slides, oral lectures, and pictures to strengthen patients' disease-related knowledge. This approach can also offer personalized dietary guidance according to the specificities of patients’ situations. Patients can be instructed to make a Diet Diary, based on which problems can be found and corrected. Doctor-led intensive dietary education can enable patients to grasp disease-related knowledge and control their diets[13,14].

In this study, the blood iPTH, Ca, P, and Ca×P levels of those who received doctor-led intensive diet education interventions for 3 and 6 mo were lower than those of patients who received conventional nursing interventions; patient satisfaction of the former group was also higher. However, the levels of Scr and BUN in the two groups were similar. This result suggests that doctor-led intensive diet education can ameliorate the state of Ca and P metabolism disorders in patients with chronic renal failure and hyperphosphatemia and boost patient satisfaction. However, doctor-led intensive diet education does not affect renal function. This result is essentially consistent with the conclusions of the extant research[15-18] and can be explained by the notions that patients often have better compliance with doctors' requirements, and doctors provide patients with more comprehensive knowledge of dietary phosphorus limits, through more intuitive and specific education models.

The EQ-5D-3L questionnaire is commonly used in clinical settings to evaluate the quality of life in patients with chronic renal failure with good reliability and efficacy[19,20]. This study found that, compared with conventional nursing interventions, doctor-led intensive diet education interventions resulted in patients having VAS scores that were higher for mobility, self-care, and daily activities and lower for pain and discomfort and anxiety and depression, and in higher scores of disease-related knowledge and compliance. These results suggest that doctor-led intensive diet education can advance the quality of life in patients with chronic renal failure and hyperphosphatemia and strengthen disease-related knowledge and compliance.

Chronic renal failure with hyperphosphatemia is unfavorable to the prognosis of patients, and a reduction in blood phosphorus should be emphasized in clinical work. Restricting the intake of phosphorus in patients’ diets is an important way to reduce blood phosphorus. However, the status quo of patients’ knowledge of a reasonable diet with chronic renal failure and the effect of routine health education are not ideal. In this study, doctor-led intensive diet education was used in comparison with routine nursing education; the former can promote patients' mastery of and compliance with health knowledge and has certain advantages in regulating the balance of Ca and phosphorus in patients’ bodies and improving the quality of patients’ lives. Thus, doctor-led intensive diet education should be popularized and applied.

CONCLUSION

Doctor-led intensive diet education can improve the quality of life in patients with chronic renal failure and hyperphosphatemia, promote low-phosphorus diet behavior, and boost patient satisfaction.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

Research background

Secondary hyperparathyroidism, renal osteodystrophy, and cardiovascular adverse events can occur if long-term hyperphosphatemia is not corrected, leading to the adverse prognosis of patients with chronic renal failure. The clinical control measures for hyperphosphatemia in these patients include diet control.

Research motivation

Provide reference for the treatment of patients with chronic renal failure and hyperphosphatemia.

Research objectives

This study aimed to observe doctor-led intensive diet education effects on health-related quality of life, in patients with chronic renal failure and hyperphosphatemia.

Research methods

We assessed 120 patients with chronic renal failure hemodialysis and hyperphosphatemia admitted to our hospital (July 2018–March 2020). The levels of serum parathyroid hormone (iPTH), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), calcium-phosphorus product (Ca × P), serum creatinine (Scr), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) before intervention and 3 and 6 mo after intervention in the groups were assessed.

Research results

After 3 mo and 6 mo of intervention, the blood iPTH, Ca, P and Ca × P in the two groups decreased gradually, but there was no significant difference in Scr and BUN. The blood iPTH, Ca, P and Ca × P in the observation group were lower than those in the control group. The overall EQ-5D-3L score of the observation group was better than that of the control group. The scores of disease-related knowledge and compliance were higher in the observation group than in the control group.

Research conclusions

Doctor-led intensive diet education can improve the quality of life of patients with chronic renal failure and hyperphosphatemia, promote low-phosphorus diet behavior, and improve patient satisfaction.

Research perspectives

Exploring treatment approaches for patients with chronic renal failure and hyperphosphatemia can provide references for clinical work in the future.