Adverse Outcome Pathways as Versatile Tools in Liver Toxicity Testing.

Adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) are tools to capture and visualize mechanisms driving toxicological effects. They share a common structure consisting of a molecular initiating event, a series of key events connected by key event relationships and an adverse outcome. Development and evaluation of AOPs ideally comply with guidelines issued by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. AOPs have been introduced for major types of hepatotoxicity, which is not a surprise, as the liver is a frequent target for systemic adversity. Various applications for AOPs have been proposed in the areas of toxicology and chemical risk assessment, in particular in relation to the establishment of quantitative structure-activity relationships, the elaboration of prioritization strategies, and the development of novel in vitro toxicity screening tests and testing strategies.