Ole Raaschou-Nielsen1,2, Gerard Hoek3, Jie Chen4, Sophia Rodopoulou5, Maciej Strak3,6, Kees de Hoogh7,8, Tahir Taj1, Aslak Harbo Poulsen1, Zorana J Andersen9, Tom Bellander10,11, Jørgen Brandt2,12, Emanuel Zitt13,14, Daniela Fecht15, Francesco Forastiere16,17, John Gulliver15,18, Ole Hertel19, Barbara Hoffmann20, Ulla Arthur Hvidtfeldt1, W M Monique Verschuren6,21, Jeanette T Jørgensen9, Klea Katsouyanni5,15, Matthias Ketzel2,22, Anton Lager23, Karin Leander10, Shuo Liu9, Petter Ljungman10,24, Gianluca Severi25,26, Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault25, Patrik K E Magnusson27, Gabriele Nagel28, Göran Pershagen10,11, Annette Peters29,30, Debora Rizzuto31,32, Yvonne T van der Schouw21, Evangelia Samoli5, Mette Sørensen1,33, Massimo Stafoggia10,16, Anne Tjønneland1,34, Gudrun Weinmayr28, Kathrin Wolf29, Bert Brunekreef3. 1. Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark. 2. Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark. 3. Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands. 4. Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands. j.chen1@uu.nl. 5. Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece. 6. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands. 7. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. 8. University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. 9. Section of Environment and Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. 10. Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. 11. Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden. 12. iClimate - interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark. 13. Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine (aks), Bregenz, Austria. 14. Department of Internal Medicine 3, LKH Feldkirch, Feldkirch, Austria. 15. MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK. 16. Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Region Health Service/ASL Roma 1, Rome, Italy. 17. Environmental Research Group, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK. 18. Centre for Environmental Health and Sustainability & School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK. 19. Departments of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark. 20. Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany. 21. Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands. 22. Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom. 23. Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. 24. Department of Cardiology, Danderyd University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. 25. University Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, "Exposome and Heredity" team, CESP UMR1018, 94805, Villejuif, France. 26. Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications "G. Parenti" (DISIA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy. 27. Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. 28. Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany. 29. Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany. 30. Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany. 31. Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. 32. Stockholm Gerontology Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden. 33. Department of Natural Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark. 34. Diet, Genes and Environment (DGE), Bonn, Germany.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The evidence linking ambient air pollution to bladder cancer is limited and mixed. METHODS: We assessed the associations of bladder cancer incidence with residential exposure to fine particles (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), black carbon (BC), warm season ozone (O3) and eight PM2.5 elemental components (copper, iron, potassium, nickel, sulfur, silicon, vanadium, and zinc) in a pooled cohort (N = 302,493). Exposures were primarily assessed based on 2010 measurements and back-extrapolated to the baseline years. We applied Cox proportional hazard models adjusting for individual- and area-level potential confounders. RESULTS: During an average of 18.2 years follow-up, 967 bladder cancer cases occurred. We observed a positive though statistically non-significant association between PM2.5 and bladder cancer incidence. Hazard Ratios (HR) were 1.09 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.93-1.27) per 5 µg/m3 for 2010 exposure and 1.06 (95% CI: 0.99-1.14) for baseline exposure. Effect estimates for NO2, BC and O3 were close to unity. A positive association was observed with PM2.5 zinc (HR 1.08; 95% CI: 1.00-1.16 per 10 ng/m3). CONCLUSIONS: We found suggestive evidence of an association between long-term PM2.5 mass exposure and bladder cancer, strengthening the evidence from the few previous studies. The association with zinc in PM2.5 suggests the importance of industrial emissions.
BACKGROUND: The evidence linking ambient air pollution to bladder cancer is limited and mixed. METHODS: We assessed the associations of bladder cancer incidence with residential exposure to fine particles (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), black carbon (BC), warm season ozone (O3) and eight PM2.5 elemental components (copper, iron, potassium, nickel, sulfur, silicon, vanadium, and zinc) in a pooled cohort (N = 302,493). Exposures were primarily assessed based on 2010 measurements and back-extrapolated to the baseline years. We applied Cox proportional hazard models adjusting for individual- and area-level potential confounders. RESULTS: During an average of 18.2 years follow-up, 967 bladder cancer cases occurred. We observed a positive though statistically non-significant association between PM2.5 and bladder cancer incidence. Hazard Ratios (HR) were 1.09 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.93-1.27) per 5 µg/m3 for 2010 exposure and 1.06 (95% CI: 0.99-1.14) for baseline exposure. Effect estimates for NO2, BC and O3 were close to unity. A positive association was observed with PM2.5 zinc (HR 1.08; 95% CI: 1.00-1.16 per 10 ng/m3). CONCLUSIONS: We found suggestive evidence of an association between long-term PM2.5 mass exposure and bladder cancer, strengthening the evidence from the few previous studies. The association with zinc in PM2.5 suggests the importance of industrial emissions.
Authors: Marie Pedersen; Massimo Stafoggia; Gudrun Weinmayr; Zorana J Andersen; Claudia Galassi; Johan Sommar; Bertil Forsberg; David Olsson; Bente Oftedal; Norun H Krog; Geir Aamodt; Andrei Pyko; Göran Pershagen; Michal Korek; Ulf De Faire; Nancy L Pedersen; Claes-Göran Östenson; Laura Fratiglioni; Mette Sørensen; Kirsten T Eriksen; Anne Tjønneland; Petra H Peeters; Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita; Roel Vermeulen; Marloes Eeftens; Michelle Plusquin; Timothy J Key; Andrea Jaensch; Gabriele Nagel; Hans Concin; Meng Wang; Ming-Yi Tsai; Sara Grioni; Alessandro Marcon; Vittorio Krogh; Fulvio Ricceri; Carlotta Sacerdote; Andrea Ranzi; Giulia Cesaroni; Francesco Forastiere; Ibon Tamayo; Pilar Amiano; Miren Dorronsoro; Leslie T Stayner; Manolis Kogevinas; Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen; Ranjeet Sokhi; Kees de Hoogh; Rob Beelen; Paolo Vineis; Bert Brunekreef; Gerard Hoek; Ole Raaschou-Nielsen Journal: Eur Urol Focus Date: 2016-11-26
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Authors: Ole Raaschou-Nielsen; Zorana J Andersen; Martin Hvidberg; Steen S Jensen; Matthias Ketzel; Mette Sørensen; Johnni Hansen; Steffen Loft; Kim Overvad; Anne Tjønneland Journal: Environ Health Date: 2011-07-19 Impact factor: 5.984
Authors: Michelle C Turner; Daniel Krewski; W Ryan Diver; C Arden Pope; Richard T Burnett; Michael Jerrett; Julian D Marshall; Susan M Gapstur Journal: Environ Health Perspect Date: 2017-08-21 Impact factor: 9.031