Transpedal and Tibiopedal Retrograde Revascularization for Peripheral Vascular Disease.

Peripheral vascular disease, or peripheral artery disease (PAD), is a chronic and debilitating disease that affects millions of people worldwide. PAD is associated with abnormal arterial narrowing, specifically outside of the heart and brain. PAD is primarily observed in the legs, but it can also affect the kidneys, arms, and neck. Patients with PAD often complain of acute leg pain that occurs when walking. However, the pain resolves with rest. The phenomenon of acute pain due to narrowed arteries is known as intermittent claudication. Common symptoms of PAD include abnormal hair and nail growth, bluish skin, skin ulcers, and cold skin. Untreated and unmanaged PAD can lead to serious complications such as tissue infection or necrosis, which in turn could lead to amputation. In rare cases, PAD may cause a stroke or coronary artery disease. Among all the management options available, the endovascular approach remains the recommended and the gold standard nowadays. In this paper, we examine and analyze the transpedal and tibiopedal retrograde revascularization in PAD patients in which the conventional antegrade approach is not successful intra-operatively with emphasis on the challenges and postoperative complications. It also correlates the different studies and its outcomes with an up-to-date worldwide results.