LOC102724163 promotes breast cancer cell proliferation and invasion by stimulating MUC19 expression.

Breast cancer (BC) is a malignant disease and the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women. Numerous studies have previously verified the important role of long non-coding RNAs in a number of biological processes in BC. In the present study, analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas database and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR demonstrated that LOC102724163 expression levels were significantly upregulated in BC tissues compared to matched adjacent normal tissues and were associated with an unfavorable prognosis in patients with BC. Gain or loss of function assays indicated that overexpression of LOC102724163 significantly increased tumorgenicity in vivo and cell migration, proliferation and invasion in vitro. In the mechanistical aspect, LOC102724163 sponged microRNA (miR)-508-5p to elevate MUC19 expression. Additionally, rescue assays ascertained the function of the LOC102724163/miR-508-5p/MUC19 axis in the proliferation and invasion of BC cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to have demonstrated that LOC102724163 may act as a competing endogenous RNA to control MUC19 expression levels by competitively sponging miR-508-5p to modulate BC progression. Therefore, the present study has provided new insights into BC diagnosis and treatment. Copyright: © Jiang et al.

Introduction

Breast cancer (BC) develops in the mammary glands of adult mammals and ranks second among the most common types of human carcinoma. Among females, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer-associated mortality (1,2). According to the GLOBOCAN 2018 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, the number of new BC cases that year was 2,088,849 and the number of BC-associated deaths was 626,679 (3). Despite tremendous advances in diagnosis and therapeutics, the survival and relapse rates in women with BC remain unfavorable (4). Early detection is critical to reducing BC mortality rate but is hindered by the lack of effective diagnostic biomarkers. Hence, understanding the molecular mechanism underlying BC is key to improving diagnosis and designing more effective patient-oriented tiered treatment regimens.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are longer than 200 nucleotides and modulate gene expression by interacting with other ncRNAs, mRNAs, proteins and genomic DNA (5). lncRNAs have a role in modulating gene expression and are therefore involved in various cellular processes, including chromatin remodeling (6), regulation of transcription and translation (7), RNA stabilization (8), cell scaffolding (9) and innate immunity (10). Furthermore, lncRNAs with oncogenic and tumor suppressor functions have been determined to be aberrantly expressed in numerous cancers (11,12). Moreover, lncRNAs can function as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) and have been implicated in tumor formation and drug resistance in breast tumors (5,13).

MicroRNAs (miR/miRNAs) are a class of small, endogenous, non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate the expression of a wide variety of genes by binding to complementary sequences in the 3′-untranslated regions (UTRs) of target mRNAs (14,15). Previous reports showed that LINC01342 silencing upregulates miR-508-5p to inhibit progression of lung cancer by reducing cysteine-rich secretory protein 3 (16), and that miR-508-5p regulates multidrug resistance of gastric cancer by targeting ABCB1 and ZNRD1 (17).

Since the early 2000s, cancer genomes have been explored via exome sequencing, leading to the publication of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) in 2013 (18). TCGA database is used to find potential targets of BC. Furthermore, LOC102724163 is an unknown RNA and its function has not been previously reported, especially in BC. Therefore, in the present study, its expression levels in BC tissues and cell lines were investigated. Functional assays were also performed to probe its molecular mechanism in BC.

Materials and methods

Bioinformatics analysis

The TCGA-BRCA database (https://portal.gdc.cancer.gov/) was used to identify differences in gene expression. Lists of differentially expressed genes (P<0.05; |log2 fold-change|>1) were prepared by using the limma package in R (Bioconductor version: Release 3.14).

Sampling of BC tissues

In total 55 pairs of BC tissues and matched adjacent non-tumor tissues were obtained from patients (age range, 20–65 years) surgically treated at The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University (Ganzhou, China) between February 2011 and March 2013. Patients who were undergoing preoperative chemotherapy were excluded from the study. The inclusion criteria were: i) Female subjects aged 18–70 years; ii) histologically or cytologically confirmed breast cancer; and iii) voluntary participation in the research and provision of written informed consent. The exclusion criteria were: i) Patients with heart, liver, kidney and hematopoietic system diseases; ii) brain metastasis; iii) double or multiple cancer types; iv) suffering from clinically significant active, acute, chronic infection or bleeding; v) hypertension that is not under control; vi) pregnant or lactating women, and mental disorders; vii) participation in any other clinical trials within 1 month prior to enrollment; viii) received therapy before surgery; and ix) the researcher judged that the subjects had any other conditions that were not suitable for the trial. Tissues were sampled via definitive surgery and preserved in liquid nitrogen prior to use in experiments. All patients were clinically diagnosed with BC based on histopathological examination. The Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University approved the present study, which was in line with clinical research guidelines (19). All the patients and their family members provided written informed consent.

Cell culture

The normal mammary MCF-10A cell line, BC cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-453, MDA-MB-231 and BT-549) and the human embryonic kidney 293T cell line were purchased from The Cell Bank of Type Culture Collection of The Chinese Academy of Sciences. Cells were maintained in DMEM (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), at 37°C with 5% CO2. It was confirmed that mycoplasma testing had been performed for the cell lines used and that the cell lines had been authenticated by STR profiling.

RNA transfection

A total of 50 µg short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) pGPU6/Neo plasmid specifically targeting LOC102724163 (sh-LOC102724163), mucin 19 (MUC19; sh-MUC19), LOC102724163 overexpression vector (LOC102724163), MUC19 overexpression vector (MUC19) and their corresponding controls [sh-negative control (sh-NC) and empty vector, respectively] were commercially synthesized by Shanghai GenePharma Co., Ltd. miR-508-5p inhibitor and the inhibitor-NC, miR-508-5p mimics and its NC (miR-NC) were bought from Shanghai GenePharma Co., Ltd. miR-508-5p inhibitor were used to downregulate miR-508-5p expression levels. miR-508-5p mimics were used to upregulate miR-508-5p expression. BC cells (MDA-MB-231 and BT-549) were transfected with the aforementioned plasmids using Lipofectamine® 2000 reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) at 37°C with a 1:4 ratio for 6 h according to the manufacturer's instructions. At 48 h after transfection, cells were collected for subsequent experiments. The sequences used are presented in Table SI.

Extraction of RNA and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis

Total RNA was isolated from the BC tissues and cells (MCF-7, MDA-MB-453, MDA-MB-231 and BT-549) using TRIzol® reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Total RNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA using a Transcriptor First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit [Roche Diagnostics (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.] using the following temperature protocol: 37°C for 15 min and 85°C for 5 sec, according to the manufacturer's instructions. Thereafter, qPCR was performed to examine gene expression using a SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The following thermocycling conditions were used for qPCR: Initial denaturation at 95°C for 5 min; followed by 40 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 5 sec and reaction at 60°C for 30 sec. Subsequently, the 2−ΔΔCq method (20) was used to calculate relative expression levels using GAPDH or U6 as the internal reference gene. The sequences of all primers used are presented in Table SI.

Cell proliferation assay

For detection of cell proliferation, the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay (CCK-8; Dojindo Molecular Technologies, Inc.) was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 cells (~2×103) were seeded into a 96-well plate in triplicate. Subsequently, CCK-8 reagent (10 µl) was added to each well and incubated for 2.5 h at 37°C. A SpectraMax M5 microplate reader (Qiagen China Co., Ltd.) was used to measure the optical density at 450 nm.

For the 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay, Click-iT® EdU Imaging Kits (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) was used. MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 cells were plated in a 96-well plate (8×103 cells/well in DMEM + 10% FBS) and incubated overnight or for 48 h following transfection at 37°C. Subsequently, the cells were incubated at 37°C for 4 h in culture medium supplemented with EdU solution (25 µM). After immobilization in paraformaldehyde (4%) for 30 min at room temperature and permeation with Triton X-100 (0.5%; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) for 10 min at room temperature, the nuclei were stained with DAPI (5 µg/ml) at room temperature for 10 min. A fluorescence microscope (Leica Microsystems, Inc.) was used for capturing images and EdU-positive cells were counted in five random fields.

Wound healing assay

MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 cells were cultured in a 6-well plate at a density of 5×105 cells/well and incubated in DMEM containing 10% FBS at 37°C for 24 h. Once the cells reached 90% confluence, scratches were made in the monolayer using a 20-µl tip. Next, the wells were rinsed lightly with PBS to discard the displaced cells, followed by serum-starved culture for 24 h at 37°C. Images of the wound gaps were taken at 0 and 24 h under the same light microscope (CX23 OLYMPUS) settings to examine the width of gaps covered by cells. The wound areas were subsequently measured and analyzed using Image J v1.8.0 (National Institutes of Health).

Invasion assay

Transwell pre-coated Matrigel chambers (BD Biosciences) were used for the invasion assays according to the manufacturer's instructions (BD Biosciences). A homogeneous single-cell suspension was added to the upper chambers followed by 24 h of incubation at 37°C. Following transfection, cells were resuspended in serum-free cell culture medium, and a quarter of the cell (1×105 cells/ml) suspension was suctioned and seeded into the serum-free upper chamber of the Transwell plate, while cell culture medium supplemented with 20% FBS was added to the lower chamber. Following incubation for 24 h, the culture medium in the upper chamber was removed and cells in the upper chamber were removed using a cotton swab. Cells in the lower chamber were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 min at 4°C and stained with 0.1% crystal violet solution for 15 min at room temperature. Using a light microscope (CX23 OLYMPUS), invasive cells were counted in five randomly selected fields of view (×100 magnification).

Tumorigenicity assay

Mice were housed in a sterile room under a 12-h light/dark cycle at ~23°C and 50% humidity, with ad libitum access to food and water. In total, 5×106 BT-549 cells were transfected with either sh-NC or sh-LOC102724163 were suspended in 100 µl PBS and subcutaneously injected into 6 BALB/c nude female mice (SPF-grade; age, 4 weeks; weight, 16–20 g; Beijing Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology Co.; Ltd.) Tumors were measured every 7 days with a caliper and the tumor volume (mm3) was calculated as 0.5× length × width2. After 28 days, the mice were sacrificed by overdose of anesthesia using 160 mg/kg pentobarbital sodium. Death was confirmed by the cessation of a heartbeat and breathing, as well as disappearance of the foot withdrawal reflex. The final volume and weight of the tumor tissues were determined. All animal protocols were performed strictly according to the relevant NIH Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (21). All animal experiments were performed using protocols approved by the Animal Experimental Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of the Gannan Medical University (Ghanzhou, China).

Lung metastasis assay

Briefly, 1×106 BT-549 cells in 30 µl of 30% Matrigel were intravenously injected into nude mice via the tail vein. After 6 weeks, the mice were euthanized, as aforementioned, and metastatic nodules in each lung were counted.

Nuclear-cytoplasmic fractionation

The nuclear-cytoplasmic fractionation assay was performed using the PARIS™ Kit (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) following the manufacturer's instructions. MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 cells were lysed in the cell fractionation solution and centrifuged (4,000 × g at 4°C) to obtain the cytoplasmic fraction. Subsequently, the cell supernatant was transferred to cell disruption buffer, followed by incubation on ice at 4°C to remove residual cytoplasmic components. The lysate and cell supernatant were suspended in a mixture of 2× lysis/binding buffer and an equal volume of ethanol. Then the cytoplasmic and nuclear RNA were eluted and extracted using TRIzol (Thermo Fischer Scientific, Inc.). GAPDH was used as the cytoplasmic control, whereas U6 was used as the nuclear control.

Dual-luciferase reporter assay

Wild-type (Wt) and mutant (Mut) 3′-UTR of LOC102724163 and MUC19 were cloned downstream of the firefly luciferase gene in the pGL3 vector (Promega Corporation). 293T cells were plated in 96-well plates at a density of 5×103 cells/well with DMEM containing 10% FBS (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin in a cell incubator at a constant temperature of 37°C with 5% CO2, 24 h prior to transfection. Cells were co-transfected with the firefly luciferase reporter vector, the pRL-TK vector (Renilla luciferase control reporter vector; Promega Corporation) and miR-508-5p mimic. After 48 h of transfection, luciferase activity was detected using the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega Corporation).

Immunohistochemistry

Tumors were fixed in 10% formalin (for 48 h at room temperature), embedded in paraffin and cut into 4-µm thick sections. The sections of paraffin-embedded xenograft tissues were probed with mouse anti-Ki-67 (Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.; cat. no. 9449; 1:200) for 48 h at 4°C, followed by incubation with the goat anti-mouse secondary antibodies (Abcam; cat. nos. ab6721 and ab6728; 1:1,000) for 1 h at 37°C. Next, the complexes were detected using HRP-streptavidin conjugates, visualized using 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB; Wuhan Boster Biological Technology, Ltd.) and quantified with Image ProPlus (IPP) v7.0 software (Media Cybernetics, Inc.).

DIANA-lncBase v2: indexing microRNA targets on non-coding transcripts (http://carolina.imis.athena-innovation.gr/index.php?r=lncbasev2) analysis was performed to identify its potential miRNA targets. TargetscanHuman7.2 (http://www.targetscan.org) is a software for predicting miRNA binding sites, and it was used to predict the target of miR-508-5p.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 22.0 software (IBM Corp.). All data are presented as the mean ± SD. For normally distributed data with equal variance between groups, analysis was performed using a two-tailed Student's t-test (two-group comparisons) or a one-way ANOVA followed by a Bonferroni post hoc test (multigroup comparisons), as appropriate. A paired t-test was performed to detect the differential expression of LOC102724163, miR-508-5p and MUC19 in BC tissues compared to that in matched adjacent non-tumor tissues. The unpaired Student's t-test was performed to assess the significance of other statistical differences between groups. For non-normally distributed data or data with unequal variances between groups, analysis was performed using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test (two-group comparisons) or Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's post hoc test (multigroup comparisons). Survival curves were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and survival data were compared with the log-rank test. The data presented in Table I were analyzed using Fisher's exact test. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Table I.

Association between LOC102724163 expression and the clinicopathological features of breast cancer.

		LOC102724163 expression
Characteristics	Number of cases (n=55)	Low (n=29)	High (n=26)	P-value
Age				0.106
<50	26	17	9
≥50	29	12	17
Tumor size				0.0266[a]
≤2 cm	22	16	6
>2 cm	33	13	20
Lymph node metastasis				0.0236[a]
Negative	20	15	5
Positive	35	14	21
TNM stage				0.0306[a]
I-II	26	18	8
III-IV	29	11	18

Total data from 55 patients with breast cancer were analyzed. The expression of LOC102724163 was assessed using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, the average expression level was used as the cutoff for low and high levels. Data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test.

P<0.05 is considered to indicate a statistically significant difference. TNM, Tumor-Node-Metastasis.

Results

LOC102724163 expression level is elevated in BC and is associated with an unfavorable prognosis in patients with BC

The TCGA database was used to identify the lncRNAs involved in BC. The results demonstrated that the expression levels of LOC102724163 were significantly upregulated in BC tissues compared with normal tissues (Fig. 1A and S1A) and resulted in an unfavorable prognosis in patients with BC (Fig. 1B; P<0.001). LOC102724163 is a previously unknown lncRNA and its function has not previously been reported in cancer. Therefore, it was determined whether LOC102724163 served a role in BC progression. LOC102724163 expression levels were examined in 55 pairs of BC and matched adjacent non-tumor tissues. The results demonstrated that LOC102724163 expression levels were significantly increased in BC tissues compared with the matched adjacent normal tissues (Fig. 1C). The association between LOC102724163 expression and the clinicopathological features of BC is presented in Table I. The 55 patients were divided into two groups based on the average level of LOC102724163 in BC tissues. The results demonstrated that LOC102724163 exhibited a significant association with tumor size, lymph node metastasis and Tumor-Node-Metastasis stage. LOC102724163 was also demonstrated to be significantly highly expressed in BC cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-453, MCF-7 and BT-549) compared with MCF-10A cells (Fig. 1D). Among the BC cell lines, the LOC102724163 expression levels were highest in BT-549 cells and the lowest in MDA-MB-231 cells. Therefore, BT-549 and MDA-MB-231 cells were used as cell models in subsequent experiments. A comparison of LOC102724163 expression levels in patients with BC revealed that patients with high expression of LOC102724163 (n=26) exhibited a significantly shorter overall survival than those with low expression levels of LOC102724163 (n=29) (Fig. 1E). Overall, these results demonstrated that LOC102724163 expression levels were increased in BC and indicated that LOC102724163 may be negative prognostic marker in BC.

Figure 1.

LOC102724163 expression level is elevated in BC and is associated with an unfavorable prognosis in patients with BC. (A) LOC102724163 expression level in BC and normal tissues from TCGA database. (B) Kaplan-Meier curve of patients with BC, stratified based on LOC102724163 expression from the TCGA database. (C) LOC102724163 expression levels were determined by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR in 55 paired BC tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues. (D) LOC102724163 expression levels in BC cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-453, MCF-7 and BT-549) and the MCF-10A cell line. (E) Kaplan-Meier curve of the overall survival of 55 patients with BC, stratified based on LOC102724163 expression levels. High LOC102724163 expression levels (n=26) and low LOC102724163 expression levels (n=29) were stratified by the average expression levels of LOC102724163. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001. vs. normal (A and C) and vs. MCF-10A (D). BC, breast cancer; TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas.

LOC102724163 stimulates BC cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro

To determine the biological functions of LOC102724163 in BC cells, LOC102724163 gain- or loss-of-function experiments were performed in MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 cells using the LOC102724163 overexpression vector or sh-LOC102724163, respectively. LOC102724163 overexpression vector and sh-LOC102724163 were transfected in BC cells. LOC102724163 expression was significantly increased by LOC102724163 overexpression vector, and decreased by sh-LOC102724163 (Fig. 2A). The results of CCK-8 and EdU experiments demonstrated that compared with the control groups, LOC102724163 overexpression significantly promoted BC cell proliferation (Fig. 2B and C), whereas knockdown of LOC102724163 (using sh-LOC102724163) significantly inhibited BC cell proliferation (Fig. 2B and D). Furthermore, wound healing assays demonstrated that sh-LOC102724163 significantly inhibited BC cell migration compared with sh-NC, whereas LOC102724163 overexpression displayed the opposite significant effect compared with the vector control (Fig. 3A). Invasion experiments also demonstrated that sh-LOC102724163 significantly inhibited BC cell invasion compared with sh-NC, whereas LOC102724163 overexpression significantly promoted BC cell invasion compared with the vector control (Fig. 3B). These data therefore suggested that high levels of LOC102724163 may induce BC cell growth, migration and invasion.

Figure 2.

LOC102724163 promotes BC cell proliferation in vitro. (A) Transfection efficiency of sh-LOC102724163 and LOC102724163 overexpression vector. (B) Cell Counting Kit-8 and (C and D) EdU assays confirmed the effect of LOC102724163 knockdown and overexpression on the proliferation of BC cells. Scale bar, 100 µm. *P<0.05 and ***P<0.001 vs. sh-NC or vector. BC, breast cancer; sh, short hairpin RNA; OD, optical density; NC, negative control.

Figure 3.

LOC102724163 promotes breast cancer cell migration and invasion in vitro. (A) Migration of MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 cells was analyzed using the wound healing assay. Scale bar, 100 µm. (B) Invasion of MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 cells was analyzed using the Transwell assay. Scale bar, 100 µm. **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 vs. sh-NC or vector. sh, short hairpin RNA; NC, negative control.

sh-LOC102724163 inhibits tumor growth and metastasis in vivo

BT-549 cells stably expressing sh-LOC102724163 were injected into nude mice to evaluate the effect of LOC102724163 on BC proliferation in vivo. The results demonstrated that the tumor volumes and weights in the sh-NC group were significantly higher compared with the sh-LOC102724163 group (Fig. 4A-C). Ki-67 protein expression levels was also found to be markedly in tumors from the sh-LOC102724163 group compared with tumors in sh-NC group, as evidenced by immunohistochemical staining (Fig. 4D). Histological analysis was performed to assess lung metastasis in the two groups. Compared with the sh-NC group, the sh-LOC102724163 group exhibited significantly less lung metastatic nodules (Fig. 4E). Overall, these results demonstrated that reduced expression of LOC102724163 inhibited BC growth and metastasis in vivo.

Figure 4.

sh-LOC102724163 inhibits tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. (A) Xenografts of breast cancer tumors. Scale bar, 1 cm. (B) Growth of xenograft tumors in the sh-LOC102724163 group and sh-NC group. (C) Mean weight of xenograft tumors. (D) Ki-67 protein expression levels in the sh-LOC102724163 group and sh-NC group were examined using immunohistochemical staining. Scale bar, 50 µm. (E) Representative microscopic images (H&E staining) of the lung tissue sections. Scale bar, 100 µm. Arrows were used to indicate the lung metastatic nodule. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, and ***P<0.001 vs. sh-NC. sh, short hairpin RNA; NC, negative control.

LOC102724163 acts as a molecular sponge of miR-508-5p

To determine whether LOC102724163 acted as an miRNA sponge to control gene expression, subcellular fractionation was first performed to determine the localization of LOC102724163 in BC cells, whereby the results demonstrated that it was abundant in the cytoplasm of BC cells (Fig. 5A). To identify its potential miRNA targets, DIANA-lncBase v2: indexing microRNA targets on non-coding transcripts (http://carolina.imis.athena-innovation.gr/index.php?r=lncbasev2) analysis was performed. The results demonstrated that among all the miRNAs that interact with LOC102724163, miR-508-5p had the highest score (score=0.982). Furthermore, miR-508-5p has previously been reported to act as a tumor suppressor gene in melanoma (22), glioma (23) and hepatocellular carcinoma (24). Fig. 5B presents the potential binding sites between LOC102724163 and miR-508-5p. The Wt and Mut 3′-UTR of LOC102724163 were inserted into the pGL3 luciferase reporter plasmid to create LUC-LOC102724163-Wt or LUC-LOC102724163-Mut vectors. The dual-luciferase reporter assays performed using these plasmids demonstrated that miR-508-5p mimics significantly reduced the activity of LUC-LOC102724163-Wt. Furthermore, RT-qPCR demonstrated that miR-508-5p was expressed at a significantly lower level in BC tissues compared with the matched adjacent normal tissues (Fig. 5C). miR-508-5p expression levels were also significantly lower in the BC cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-453, MCF-7 and BT-549) compared with MCF-10A cells (Fig. 5D). Pearson's coefficient correlation analysis determined that miR-508-5p expression levels in BC tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues were negatively correlated with LOC102724163 expression levels (Fig. 5E). Moreover, RT-qPCR demonstrated that LOC102724163 significantly negatively regulated miR-508-5p expression levels in BC cells compared with the vector control (Fig. 5F). These results indicated that LOC102724163 may function as an miR-508-5p sponge in BC cells.

Figure 5.

LOC102724163 acts as a molecular sponge of miR-508-5p. (A) Localization of LOC102724163 in BC cells was assessed using subcellular fractionation. (B) Putative binding sites between LOC102724163 and miR-508-5p were demonstrated dual-luciferase reporter assay in 293T cells. (C) miR-508-5p expression levels in BC tissues and adjacent normal tissues. (D) miR-508-5p expression levels in BC cell lines and the breast epithelial MCF-10A cell line. (E) LOC102724163 expression levels negatively correlated with miR-508-5p expression levels, which was demonstrated using Pearson correlation coefficient analysis (r=−0.754). (F) LOC102724163 was demonstrated to negatively regulate miR-508-5p expression levels in BC cells. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 vs. mimic-NC (B), vs. normal (C), vs. MCF-10A (D) and vs. vector or sh-NC (F). miR, microRNA; BC, breast cancer; Wt, wild-type; Mut, mutant; sh, short hairpin RNA; NC, negative control.

MUC19 is the target of miR-508-5p

Using TargetscanHuman7.2 (http://www.targetscan.org), MUC19 was identified as a downstream target of miR-508-5p. Subsequently, the binding sites of miR-508-5p in the 3′-UTR of MUC19 were identified (Fig. 6A). Wt and Mut 3′-UTR of MUC19 were cloned into the pGL3 luciferase reporter plasmid to generate the LUC-MUC19-Wt or LUC-MUC19-Mut vectors. The dual-luciferase reporter assay following transfection with these plasmids revealed that the miR-508-5p mimic significantly reduced the activity of LUC-MUC19-Wt. MUC19 expression levels were demonstrated to be significantly increased in BC tissues compared with normal tissues (Fig. 6B) and BC cell lines compared with the MCF-10A cell line (Fig. 6C). MUC19 expression levels were negatively correlated with miR-508-5p expression levels in patients with BC (Fig. 6D), whereas MUC19 expression levels were positively correlated with LOC102724163 expression levels (Fig. 6E). To determine the association between miR-508-5p and MUC19, MDA-MB-231 cells were transfected with miR-508-5p mimic, and conversely, BT-549 cells were transfected with miR-508-5p inhibitor. The transfection efficiency is shown in Fig. 6F. Subsequently, RT-qPCR was performed to determine MUC19 expression levels. MUC19 expression levels were markedly regulated by miR-508-5p (Fig. 6G). These data indicated that MUC19 may be a target of miR-508-5p in BC cells.

Figure 6.

MUC19 is a target of miR-508-5p. (A) Binding sites of miR-508-5p in the 3′UTR of MUC19 were predicted and the dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed in 293T cells. (B) MUC19 expression levels in BC tissues and adjacent normal tissues. (C) MUC19 expression levels in BC cell lines and the breast epithelial MCF-10A cell line. (D) Pearson correlation coefficient analysis demonstrated that the expression levels of MUC19 were inversely correlated with miR-508-5p expression levels (r=−0.776). (E) MUC19 expression levels were positively correlated with LOC102724163 expression levels (r=0.828). (F) Transfection efficiency of the miR-508-5p mimic and miR-508-5p inhibitor. (G) MUC19 expression levels in BC cells following transfection with the miR-508-5p mimic or inhibitor. **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 vs. mimic-NC (A), vs. normal (B), vs. MCF-10A (C) and vs. mimic-NC or inh-NC (F and G). MUC19, mucin 19; miR, microRNA; UTR, untranslated region; BC, breast cancer; Wt, wild-type; Mut, mutant; sh, short hairpin RNA; NC, negative control; inh, inhibitor.

LOC102724163/miR-508-5p/MUC19 axis enhances BC development

Rescue experiments were performed to ascertain the role of LOC102724163, miR-508-5p and MUC19 in BC. MDA-MB-231 cells stably transfected with LOC102724163 overexpression vector, namely MDA-MB-231 (LOC102724163), and BT-549 cells stably transfected with sh-LOC102724163, namely BT-549 (sh-LOC102724163), were subjected to rescue experiments. MDA-MB-231(LOC102724163) cells was divided into three groups: NC, miR-508-5p mimic and miR-508-5p mimics + MUC19. BT-549 (sh-LOC102724163) cells were also divided into three groups: NC, miR-508-5p inhibitor and miR-508-5p inhibitor + sh-MUC19. The transfection efficiencies of sh-MUC19 and MUC19 OE are presented in Fig. S1B.

Cell proliferation and invasion were assessed using the CCK-8, EdU and Transwell assays. The miR-508-5p mimic significantly inhibited MDA-MB-231(LOC102724163) cell proliferation and invasion compared with the NC, whereas MUC19 overexpression significantly reversed this effect compared with the miR-508-5p mimic group (Fig. 7A, C and E). The miR-508-5p inhibitor significantly stimulated the proliferation and invasion of BT-549 (sh-LOC102724163) cells compared with the NC, whereas sh-MUC19 significantly reversed this effect when compared with the miR-508-5p inhibitor group (Fig. 7B, D and F). These results demonstrated that LOC102724163 may mediate BC progression via regulation of the miR-508-5p/MUC19 axis.

Figure 7.

LOC102724163/miR-508-5p/MUC19 axis enhances the development of BC. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay demonstrated the proliferation of (A) MDA-MB-231(LOC102724163) and (B) BT-549(sh-LOC102724163) cells following transfection. EdU assays demonstrated the proliferation of (C) MDA-MB-231(LOC102724163) and (D) BT-549(sh-LOC102724163) cells following transfection. Transwell assays demonstrated the invasion of (E) MDA-MB-231(LOC102724163) and (F) BT-549 (sh-LOC102724163) cells following transfection. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001. miR, microRNA; MUC19, mucin 19; sh, short hairpin RNA; NC, negative control; OD, optical density; inh, inhibitor.

Discussion

Increasing evidence suggests a pivotal role of lncRNAs in the occurrence and development of BC (25–27). In the present study, TCGA analysis was performed to select LOC102724163, which is highly expressed in BC tissues and associated with a bad prognosis in patients with BC. In the subsequent analysis, it was demonstrated that LOC102724163 was significantly overexpressed in BC tissues and was significantly associated with an unfavorable prognosis in patients with BC. In vitro experiments demonstrated that LOC102724163 promoted BC cell proliferation, migration and invasion. In vivo assays further demonstrated the tumor promoting effect of LOC102724163.

miRNAs are small ncRNAs approximately 19–22 nt in length (28,29) that trigger translational repression of target mRNAs by recruiting an RNA-induced silencing complex and binding to miRNA response elements (30,31). Previous studies have reported that lncRNAs relieve translational repression mediated by miRNAs by sequestering miRNAs or competitively binding to their targets (32,33). Subcellular localization assays have demonstrated that LOC102724163 may function via a ceRNA mechanism (34).

Using DIANA-lncBase, the present study determined that LOC102724163 binds to miR-508-5p with the highest score (score=0.982). Increasing evidence has confirmed the tumor-repressive role of miR-508-5p. For example, miR-508-5p inhibits the proliferation and migration of glioma cells (23,35). Moreover, miR-508-5p acts as an anti-oncogene by targeting mesoderm development candidate 1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (24). Overexpression of miR-508-5p is sufficient to reverse gastric cancer cell resistance to multiple chemotherapeutics in vitro and sensitizes tumors to chemotherapy in vivo (17). In the present study, the dual-luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that LOC102724163 may bind to miR-508-5p. Analysis using TargetscanHuman7.2 identified the downstream target genes of miR-508-5p and determined that MUC19 had the highest score. The present study reported that MUC19 was significantly highly expressed in BC tissues and positively correlated with LOC102724163 expression levels. Furthermore, rescue experiments demonstrated that LOC102724163 targets miR-508-5p to significantly enhance MUC19 expression levels for BC cellular activities.

MUC19, which is mainly expressed in the mucous cells of the tracheal submucosal and salivary glands, is encoded by a gel-forming mucin gene (36). MUC19 is involved in the pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome (37). A recent study reported that MUC19 was significantly upregulated in BC (38) and that patients with high MUC19 expression levels exhibited a worse prognosis (39). Liu et al (40) reported that MUC19 promotes cell proliferation, invasion and colony formation and inhibits apoptosis in BC. The present study also demonstrated that MUC19 was significantly upregulated in BC and promoted BC cell proliferation and invasion.

However, the present study has certain limitations. The randomly selected samples in the present study may have contributed to variations in the experimental results and the sample size of patients included in the validation cohort should be increased to provide more reliable results. Further exploration is required to determine whether other lncRNAs influence the pathogenesis of BC. Therefore, further in-depth investigations need to be conducted prior to its potential clinical application.

Overall, the results of the present study indicated that LOC102724163 may have a carcinogenic role in BC and possibly controls the development of BC by sponging miR-508-5p to stimulate MUC19 expression. To the best of our knowledge the present study is the first to identify LOC102724163 as a potential marker and prognostic target in BC.