New records of Sabethini (Diptera: Culicidae) from Colombia.

BACKGROUND: In the Neotropical Region, the mosquitoes, grouped in the tribe Sabethini (Arthropoda, Insecta, Diptera: Culicidae) are considered of medical importance by the role that some species may have in arbovirus transmission; also, because they are good bioindicators. More than 400 species are currently recognised and are mainly associated with forest areas. The tribe Sabethini is poorly studied and the information about diversity and distribution for species relating to it is scarce. In Colombia, 54 species of the tribe are known; however, several geographical areas have not been included in the studies for this group and data for recent field collections are not available; therefore, the records are outdated. NEW INFORMATION: This study presents the species list of the Sabethini tribe in Colombia, based on a review of previous publications and recent unpublished data. The list includes 68 species of nine genera and 16 subgenera. The genus Wyeomyia has the highest species number (39), followed by Sabethes (14). A total of 29 new records are registered and actualized information related to the local distribution in some Departments is presented, including geographic coordinates. In this paper, the distribution records of Sabethini for Colombia are updated, revealing the high diversity of this group in the country and providing some useful information for species that may need surveillance or control. Nelson Naranjo-Díaz, Juan Suaza-Vasco, Jacobo Pineda-Angel, Sandra Uribe.

Introduction

Tribe of the subfamily is composed of 432 recognised species of 14 genera (Harbach 2014). In the Neotropical Region, there are reported numerous species in different genera including (4 species), (3), (9), (7), (8), (41), (3), (13) and (139) (Harbach 2014). mosquitoes prefer forest environments and exhibit predominantly diurnal feeding behaviour (Lane 1953, Suaza-Vasco et al. 2015). Phytotelmata are known as breeding places for some species, but artificial breeding sites are also used for some of them (Lane 1953, Chaverri et al. 2018).

In the Neotropical Region, the tribe is related to arbovirus transmission. The genera , , , and include species recognised as potential vectors (De Souza Lopes et al. 1975, Auguste et al. 2010, Bueno-Marí et al. 2015, Navarro et al. 2015, Gravina et al. 2018). Some species, such as Theobald, 1901, de Oliveira Castro, 1935, (von Humboldt, 1819) and (Rondani, 1848), are recognised vectors of viral encephalitis (Worth et al. 1968, Aitken 1972, Shope et al. 2000, Navarro et al. 2015) . Yellow fever is potentially transmitted by (Fabricius, 1805), , Theobald, 1903, (Dyar and Shannon, 1925) and . Lane & Cerqueira, 1942 (Monath 1988, Navarro et al. 2015). Other species, such as (Theobald, 1903) and (Fabricius,1805), are related to Mayaro fever transmission (Muñoz and Navarro 2012, Navarro et al. 2015).

In Colombia, there are no recent studies related to this tribe, except published works by Suaza-Vasco et al. (2015), for coffee growing areas; however, diversity of biomes in the country favours the presence of a high number of species. Here, we present an updated species list of the tribe in Colombia, based on historical and our own data.

Materials and methods

The list of species presented in this study was compiled using the following reports: (Lane and Cerqueira 1942, Stone et al. 1959, Vargas and Díaz Nájera 1959, Barreto and Vernon 1969, Knight and Stone 1977, Heinemann and Belkin 1978, Zavortink 1979a, Zavortink 1979b, Kano 1991, Carrejo and Gonzalez 1992, Olano and Tinke 1993, Zuluaga et al. 1993, Marchon-Silva et al. 1996, Molina et al. 2000, Harbach and Peyton 2000, Barrera et al. 2002, Porter and Wolff E. 2004, Ferro et al. 2008, Parra-Henao and Suárez 2012, Barajas et al. 2013, Rozo-Lopez and Mengual 2015, Suaza-Vasco et al. 2015, Rosero-García et al. 2017, Rosero-García et al. 2018). Unpublished data from a Masters thesis (Cochero Bustamante 2017) and database portals (Gaffigan et al. 2014, SIB 2020) were included, as well as new material collected by the authors records for field-collected material with a buccal aspirator, entomological nets or which was taxonomically identified by the authors were also included, the material being collected by direct sample using a buccal aspirator and entomological net. Additionally, some adults were sampled in Shannon traps located in vegetal covers such as forest, guadual and coffee plantations. The light in the trap was activated during the twilight hours and the attracted adults were collected using a mouth aspirator and entomological net.

Species distribution records were classified into ecoregions (WWF 2015) as follows: Llanos, Apure-Villavicencio Dry Forest, Cordillera Oriental Montane Forest, Magdalena Valley Montane Forest, Magdalena Valley Dry Forest, Cauca Valley Montane Forest, Cauca Valley Dry Forest, North-western Andean Montane Forest, Chocó-Darien Moist Forest, South American Pacific Mangroves, Magdalena-Urabá Moist Forest, Amazon-Orinoco-Southern Caribbean Mangroves, Guajira-Barranquilla Xeric Scrub, Caquetá Moist Forest, Negro-Branco Moist Forest and Catatumbo Moist Forest. The list of species is presented by genus and subgenus; the name of the species includes the authorship and the year of description, followed by notes with references to previous records and finally the review of the historical distribution records, including new records (Department: locality [ecoregion]). The abbreviation “cf.” (meaning "confer" or to be compared with) is used for distinguishing some species names to indicate that most of the diagnostic characters correspond to a given species, but some characters are unclear or not available. “cf.” is a qualifier frequently used in taxonomic records and closely associated with open nomenclature (ON) practice (Sigovini et al. 2016).

Checklists

Checklist of the tribe from Colombia

(Martini, 1914)

B81DCB70-900E-51C4-8F9A-6DBE0BA4D030

Distribution

Caquetá: Solano [Caquetá Moist Forests].

Notes

Reported by Molina et al. (2000).

(Dyar & Knab, 1906)

55B71BF8-0A79-5BAC-AC4F-D7E3E6785E96

Antioquia: Hispania [Cauca Valley Montane Forests]. Caquetá: Solano [Caquetá Moist Forests].

Reported by Molina et al. (2000), new record.

(Fabricius, 1805)

BC7B769E-26B9-5252-8D36-DAA300FF9A60

Meta: Restrepo, Villavicencio [Apure-Villavicencio Dry Forests]. Santander: Barrancabermeja, Cimitarra [Magdalena-Urabá Moist Forests]. Valle del Cauca: Buenaventura [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests].

Reported by Barreto-Reyes (1955), Barreto and Vernon (1969), Zavortink (1979a), Barrera et al. (2002), Ferro et al. (2008), SIB (2020).

(Dyar & Knab, 1906)

D3D318D2-4149-5171-AA95-5FD468292D11

Antioquia: Hispania, Jardín, Valparaíso [Cauca Valley Montane Forests]. Boyacá: Chiquinquirá [Magdalena-Urabá Moist Forests]. Caldas: Anserma, Chinchiná [Cauca Valley Montane Forests]. Cauca: Isla Gorgona [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests]. Chocó: Acandí [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests]. Meta: Restrepo, Villavicencio [Apure-Villavicencio Dry Forests]. Norte de Santander: Villamizar [Catatumbo Moist Forests]. Valle del Cauca: Buenaventura, Darien [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests].

Reported by Knight and Stone (1977), Zavortink (1979b), Suaza-Vasco et al. (2015), SIB (2020), new record.

(Theobald, 1903)

E79C9929-E100-5273-B40E-E557953A08BD

Caquetá: Solano [Caquetá Moist Forests]. Meta: Villavicencio [Apure-Villavicencio Dry Forests]. Valle del Cauca: Buenaventura [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests].

Reported by Barreto-Reyes (1955), Stone et al. (1959), Heinemann and Belkin (1978), Molina et al. (2000), SIB (2020).

Theobald, 1901

CA113FB7-DFC4-5A86-BEB8-DBB4E07DCA92

Antioquia: Apartadó, Hispania [Cauca Valley Montane Forests]. Caldas: Anserma, Chinchiná [Cauca Valley Montane Forests]. Caquetá: Solano [Caquetá Moist Forests]. Cundinamarca: Guaduas [Magdalena Valley Dry Forests]. Guanía: Inírida [Negro-Branco Moist Forests]. Meta: La Macarena, Puerto López, Puerto Rico, Villavicencio [Apure-Villavicencio Dry Forests, Caquetá Moist Forests, Llanos]. Santander: El Carmen del Chucuri [Magdalena Valley Montane Forests]. Sucre: Coloso [Guajira-Barranquilla Xeric Scrub]. Tolima: Honda, Chaparral [Magdalena Valley Dry Forests].

Reported by Barreto-Reyes (1955), Heinemann and Belkin (1978), Olano and Tinke (1993), Molina et al. (2000), Parra-Henao and Suárez (2012), Barajas et al. (2013), Suaza-Vasco et al. (2015), Cochero Bustamante (2017), SIB (2020).

(Lutz, 1904)

6797A28F-237B-5FAD-BD4B-F520BF793E57

Valle del Cauca, Buenaventura [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests].

Reported by Knight and Stone (1977), Harbach and Peyton (2000).

Theobald, 1905

5E03130F-8FE4-56DA-A760-05A0C1B21063

Reported by Knight and Stone (1977).

Dyar & Knab, 1907

DBAE62BF-A7C6-5D96-BC75-FFEAFB3DF2DD

Meta: Puerto López, Villavicencio [Apure-Villavicencio Dry Forests, Cordillera Oriental Montane Forests].

Reported by Gaffigan et al. (2014), SIB (2020).

Harbach, 1995

CB2BC5AC-6C8F-5EAC-B9B1-0697AA5112F4

Caldas: Anserma, Chinchiná [Cauca Valley Montane Forests].

Reported by Harbach (1995), Suaza-Vasco et al. (2015).

Hall, Howard & Harbach, 1999

69FF1123-98C1-5B77-BBDB-69168CEA3A2E

Caldas: Anserma [Cauca Valley Montane Forests].

Reported by Suaza-Vasco et al. (2015).

(Coquillett, 1906)

4948D68F-80E8-5CD5-8686-ADE2B8C8209F

Antioquia: Belmira, Jardín, Valparaíso [Cauca Valley Montane Forests]. Caldas: Anserma [Cauca Valley Montane Forests]. Meta: Puerto López [Apure-Villavicencio Dry Forests].

Reported by Heinemann and Belkin (1978), Carrejo and Gonzalez (1992), Barajas et al. (2013), Suaza-Vasco et al. (2015), SIB (2020), new record.

Harbach, 1995

EAB8B1F4-EE06-56B1-81E0-320F54FE3071

Meta: Villavicencio [Apure-Villavicencio Dry Forests].

Reported by Harbach (1995), SIB (2020).

Theobald, 1903

4087E7E6-8BF4-5B23-AFE3-43FEB135DB88

Córdoba: San Bernardo del Viento [Magdalena-Urabá Moist Forests].

Reported by Barreto-Reyes (1955), new record.

Neiva, 1908

6C8872F7-7F8A-5D54-B51E-AF82F1F737FB

Caquetá: Solano [Caquetá Moist Forests]. Valle del Cauca: Buenaventura [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests].

Reported by Barreto-Reyes (1955), Stone et al. (1959), Vargas and Díaz Nájera (1959), Barreto and Vernon (1969), Molina et al. (2000).

(Fabricius, 1805)

B7E6DEB6-C862-5A8D-A884-8E2DBD24CDEC

Caquetá, Solano [Caquetá Moist Forests]. Córdoba: San Bernardo del Viento [Magdalena-Urabá Moist Forests]. Meta: Restrepo [Apure-Villavicencio Dry Forests]. Sucre: Coloso [Guajira-Barranquilla Xeric Scrub]. Valle del Cauca: Buenaventura [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests].

Reported by Barreto-Reyes (1955), Stone et al. (1959), Barreto and Vernon (1969), Heinemann and Belkin (1978), Molina et al. (2000), Cochero Bustamante (2017), SIB (2020).

Peryassú, 1922

DBE754C9-99F1-5116-A281-C554A95D3CD0

Santander: San Vicente de Chucurí [Magdalena Valley Montane Forests].

Reported by Barreto-Reyes (1955), Stone et al. (1959), Knight and Stone (1977).

Dyar & Knab, 1908

C40A9EB2-F875-5148-B050-96E5FA5A6A84

Reported by Barreto-Reyes (1955).

(Lutz, 1904)

5802977A-9AB4-5D74-A45A-CEC09DD6B57B

Caquetá: Solano [Caquetá Moist Forests]. Chocó: Nuquí [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests]. Risaralda: San Julian [Cauca Valley Montane Forests]. Valle del Cauca: Buenaventura [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests].

Reported by Barreto-Reyes (1955), Stone et al. (1959), Barreto and Vernon (1969), Harbach (1994), Molina et al. (2000), Suaza-Vasco et al. (2015), new record.

Harbach, 1994

10195BC7-80DB-5D0A-A5E3-4A40E912FE9B

Caldas: Anserma [Cauca Valley Montane Forests].

New record

(von Humboldt, 1819)

3B21D5B7-DA51-57D9-A5C2-87CD19065D90

Antioquia: Hispania [Cauca Valley Montane Forests]. Caquetá: Solano [Caquetá Moist Forests]. Caquetá: Solano [Caquetá Moist Forests]. Meta: Villavicencio [Apure-Villavicencio Dry Forests]. Valle del Cauca: Buenaventura [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests].

Reported by Barreto-Reyes (1955), Stone et al. (1959), Barreto and Vernon (1969), Molina et al. (2000), Suaza-Vasco et al. (2015), SIB (2020).

(Dyar and Shannon, 1925)

61176A1F-11D4-5E49-96C1-13B6C05CE715

Antioquia: Valparaíso [Cauca Valley Montane Forests]. Caquetá: Solano [Caquetá Moist Forests].

Reported by Molina et al. (2000), new record.

(Theobald, 1903)

DF0C1BF6-E74A-5A86-85ED-C18465556BC4

Antioquia: Jardín [Cauca Valley Montane Forests]. Valle del Cauca: Buenaventura [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests].

Reported by Barreto-Reyes (1955), Barreto and Vernon (1969), Suaza-Vasco et al. (2015).

Levi-Castillo, 1953

30A9B986-3574-5037-BD52-B1BF6A22D342

Antioquia: Jericó [Cauca Valley Montane Forests]. Valle del Cauca: Cali [Cauca Valley Dry Forests].

Reported by Carrejo and Gonzalez (1992), Rosero-García et al. (2018), SIB (2020).

Lutz, 1905

B7D8BBC1-9305-50B3-9460-28722F25ED70

Antioquia: Apartadó, La Pintada [Cauca Valley Montane Forests]. Caldas: Anserma, Chinchiná [Cauca Valley Montane Forests]. Meta: Restrepo. [Apure-Villavicencio Dry Forests].

Reported by Lane and Cerqueira (1942), Barreto-Reyes (1955), Parra-Henao and Suárez (2012), Suaza-Vasco et al. (2015), new record.

(Rondani, 1848)

C301EB7F-E665-5084-807B-570EF90C1DD1

Antioquia: Apartado, Carepa, Hispania, Maceo, La Pintada, Puerto Berrio [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests, Magdalena Valley Montane Forests, Cauca Valley Dry Forests]. Caldas: Anserma, Chinchiná [Cauca Valley Montane Forests]. Caquetá: Solano [Caquetá Moist Forests]. Cundinamarca: Soacha [Magdalena Valley Montane Forests]. Meta: Villavicencio [Apure-Villavicencio Dry Forests]. Quindío: Salento [Cauca Valley Montane Forests]. Santander: Carmen del Chucurí [Magdalena Valley Montane Forests]. Valle del Cauca: Alcalá, Buenaventura [Cauca Valley Montane Forests, Chocó-Darién Moist Forests].

Reported by Vargas and Díaz Nájera (1959), Barreto-Reyes (1955), Barreto and Vernon (1969), Molina et al. (2000), Parra-Henao and Suárez (2012), Barajas et al. (2013), Suaza-Vasco et al. (2015), SIB (2020), new record.

Antunes, 1942

FF66F074-5F76-58C1-8BFF-B89100703D1B

Antioquia: Jardín [Cauca Valley Montane Forests]. Caldas: Rio Sucio [Cauca Valley Montane Forests]. Meta: Restrepo, Villavicencio [Apure-Villavicencio Dry Forests]. Valle del Cauca: Buenaventura [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests].

Reported by Lane and Cerqueira (1942), Barreto-Reyes (1955), Barreto and Vernon (1969), Marchon-Silva et al. (1996), Rozo-Lopez and Mengual (2015), Suaza-Vasco et al. (2015).

(Antunes, 1937)

16C77CFC-9BB7-57CC-A45E-CF462EBA86B7

Meta: Restrepo [Apure-Villavicencio Dry Forests].

Reported by Barreto-Reyes (1955), Stone et al. (1959), Marchon-Silva et al. (1996).

(Lutz, 1905)

D79F5039-FD6C-5AC9-A8D6-449AAA444D5D

Tolima: Guamo [Magdalena Valley Dry Forests]. Valle del Cauca: Alcalá, Buenaventura [Cauca Valley Montane Forests, Chocó-Darién Moist Forests]. Cauca: Puerto Tejada [Cauca Valley Dry Forests].

Reported by Barreto-Reyes (1955), Stone et al. (1959), Barreto and Vernon (1969), Heinemann and Belkin (1978), Suaza-Vasco et al. (2015), SIB (2020), new record.

(Bonne-Wepster & Bonne, 1920)

F51B6553-5806-5FCA-983F-72D264FC0754

Caldas: Anserma [Cauca Valley Montane Forests]. Chocó: Acandí, Litoral de San Juan, Nuquí [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests, South American Pacific Mangroves, Amazon-Orinoco-Southern Caribbean Mangroves].

New record.

Dyar & Knab, 1906

D497D2B1-822B-58FA-9F84-0A408B513D54

Valle del Cauca: Buenaventura [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests].

Reported by Knight and Stone (1977), SIB (2020).

Dyar & Knab, 1908

D4F15B02-4F25-575F-A2F5-80F728CEFA48

Antioquia: Hispania [Cauca Valley Montane Forests]. Caldas: Chinchiná [Cauca Valley Montane Forests]. Valle del Cauca: Buenaventura [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests].

Reported by Barreto-Reyes (1955), SIB (2020), new record.

Dyar & Knab, 1906

F5921B62-4A97-5914-AED4-7F63F3A2B8B4

Valle del Cauca: Buenaventura [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests].

Reported by Barreto-Reyes (1955), Stone et al. (1959), Barreto and Vernon (1969).

(Dyar & Knab, 1919)

50BDCAC8-0425-5197-AFD3-9C0DE2FDFCFF

Antioquia: Apartadó [Magdalena-Urabá Moist Forests].

Reported by Barreto-Reyes (1955), Parra-Henao and Suárez (2012).

Howard, Dyar & Knab, 1915

69253888-25F1-5C18-9316-3E4FE3B58980

Antioquia: Jardín [Cauca Valley Montane Forests]. Caldas: Anserma, Chinchiná [Cauca Valley Montane Forests].

Reported by Suaza-Vasco et al. (2015), Rosero-García et al. (2017), new record.

(Dyar & Nunez Tovar, 1927)

709AF8FA-7AB1-5070-85C0-3E3FFA259058

Reported by Barreto-Reyes (1955).

del Ponte & Cerqueira, 1938

4D2FC4E7-4F46-544D-A06B-874801A6B82B

Antioquia: Hispania [Cauca Valley Montane Forests]. Caldas: Anserma, Chinchiná [Cauca Valley Montane Forests]. Quindío: Quimbaya [Cauca Valley Montane Forests].

Reported by Suaza-Vasco et al. (2015), new record.

Lane, 1945

466861EB-7912-5E03-91FC-E0293BCBC2D4

Meta: Restrepo [Apure-Villavicencio Dry Forests].

Reported by Barreto-Reyes (1955), Stone et al. (1959), SIB (2020).

Edwards, 1922

F8919836-D445-53C4-A6C2-E7D53B0ABD9B

Antioquia: Apartadó, Turbo [Magdalena-Urabá Moist Forests].

Reported by Barreto-Reyes (1955), Stone et al. (1959), Parra-Henao and Suárez (2012).

Lane & Cerqueira, 1942

0A2583D9-C922-5A92-8EEC-AD88A3515DB9

Reported by Knight and Stone (1977).

Lane, 1953

BCDD2393-5E86-5FEC-A1AF-85B93819EE85

Reported by Knight and Stone (1977).

(Dyar & Nunez Tovar, 1927)

9C25AD91-E51E-59BB-A772-584CF35E674B

Chocó: Nuquí [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests].

New record.

Dyar & Knab, 1906

ED5FD544-11A4-50A3-B222-B7DA92AB6AFB

Antioquia: Abejorral [Cauca Valley Montane Forests]. Valle del Cauca: Buenaventura [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests].

Reported by Barreto-Reyes (1955), Heinemann and Belkin (1978), Suaza-Vasco et al. (2015), SIB (2020).

(Theobald, 1903)

10814275-E837-508E-B985-7E0A7C4289FC

Antioquia: Fredonia [Cauca Valley Montane Forests]. Caldas: Chinchiná [Cauca Valley Montane Forests]. Quindío: Quimbaya [Cauca Valley Montane Forests]. Valle del Cauca: Buenaventura [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests].

Reported by Carrejo and Gonzalez (1992), Heinemann and Belkin (1978), Suaza-Vasco et al. (2015), SIB (2020).

(Dyar, 1928)

321F2B78-5E2E-564D-A91C-795A708BE22D

Valle del Cauca: Buenaventura [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests].

Reported by Barreto-Reyes (1955), Stone et al. (1959), Barreto and Vernon (1969).

(Dyar & Knab, 1908)

8CD67940-3098-5187-8AC7-FBB96F600B92

Valle del Cauca: Buenaventura [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests].

Reported by Barreto and Vernon (1969), Knight and Stone (1977).

Theobald, 1901

2484F279-9D4A-5C88-9F07-04CCEF3FED02

Antioquia: La Pintada [Cauca Valley Montane Forests].

Reported by Rozo-Lopez and Mengual (2015).

Dyar, 1922

3A31D1C4-834B-5F2A-8771-ADCE007C2E85

Meta: Villavicencio [Apure-Villavicencio Dry Forests].

Reported by Barreto-Reyes (1955), SIB (2020).

Dyar, 1919

E5D2FB88-0126-5A1B-BEAC-40CCDD42F204

Chocó: Nuquí [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests]. Meta: Restrepo, Villavicencio [Apure-Villavicencio Dry Forests].

Reported by Barreto-Reyes (1955), Stone et al. (1959), Heinemann and Belkin (1978), SIB (2020), new record.

Lane & Cerqueira, 1942

AA8D8A7F-EC11-55C4-B1BF-59AC5828DA43

Valle del Cauca: Buenaventura [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests].

Reported by Barreto and Vernon (1969), Knight and Stone (1977).

Porter & Wolff, 2004

EA49171D-05FB-5D76-B46A-6C306DFC5FD5

Choco: Bahía Solano, Nuquí [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests].

Reported by Porter and Wolff E. (2004), new record.

Dyar & Knab, 1907

D0B2F2EB-250E-5D81-97A5-A268FFDECB02

Antioquia: Carepa [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests]. Caldas: Anserma, Chinchiná [Cauca Valley Montane Forests]. Choco: Acandí, Litoral del San Juan, Nuquí [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests, South American Pacific Mangroves, Amazon-Orinoco-Southern Caribbean Mangroves].

New record.

Dyar & Knab, 1910

D5A218E4-A2D6-55DE-918E-EA6584B44C76

Choco: Quibdo [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests].

Reported by Porter and Wolff E. (2004).

Dyar & Knab, 1907

8A0CDAAB-3121-5BC1-BCA1-D2007BFC7BCC

Meta: Puerto López, Villavicencio [Apure-Villavicencio Dry Forests, Llanos].

Reported by Carrejo and Gonzalez (1992), SIB (2020).

Dyar & Knab, 1907

26FB2F29-80B7-51D0-933A-2C52E9EA19B7

Valle del Cauca: Buenaventura [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests].

Reported by Barreto-Reyes (1955), Stone et al. (1959), Barreto and Vernon (1969).

Lane & Cerqueira, 1942

625BD6CB-E951-5619-8207-5755CCE04A31

Antioquia: Jericó [Cauca Valley Montane Forests]. Choco: Litoral del San Juan [South American Pacific Mangroves].

New record.

(Lutz, 1904)

9CE5A43E-543B-516C-9215-1D4091B1BE05

Antioquia: Betania, Hispania [Cauca Valley Montane Forests]. Caldas: Anserma, Chinchiná [Cauca Valley Montane Forests]. Choco: Acandí [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests]. Magdalena: Santa Marta [Guajira-Barranquilla Xeric Scrub].

Reported by Barajas et al. (2013), Suaza-Vasco et al. (2015), new record.

(Root, 1928)

D8C8B7D9-3144-5DC3-90C6-9165B561D391

Antioquia: Carepa, Ciudad Bolívar, Jardín, Jericó, Támesis, Tarso [Cauca Valley Montane Forests, Chocó-Darién Moist Forests]. Caldas: Anserma, Chinchiná [Cauca Valley Montane Forests].

New record.

Porter, 2014

59AA53E7-8BB4-5963-9C88-EE7356A5D2C6

Caldas: Chinchiná [Cauca Valley Montane Forests].

New record.

Dyar & Knab, 1906

A37563ED-14AA-5557-A03D-0EE293638A79

Caldas: Chinchiná [Cauca Valley Montane Forests]. Chocó: Nuquí [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests]. Valle del Cauca: Buenaventura [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests].

Reported by Barreto-Reyes (1955), Stone et al. (1959), Barreto and Vernon (1969), SIB (2020), new record.

Dyar & Knab, 1908

81D9578B-919B-5EFC-A3AB-80911EA5ED34

Caldas: Chinchiná [Cauca Valley Montane Forests]. Quindío: Quimbaya [Cauca Valley Montane Forests].

New records.

(Lutz, 1905)

DA306BC3-19DE-58B6-98F9-0F27E759BC1F

Cundinamarca: Soacha [Magdalena Valley Montane Forests]. Meta: Restrepo, Villavicencio [Apure-Villavicencio Dry Forests]. Valle del Cauca: Alcalá, Buenaventura, Cali[Cauca Valley Montane Forests, Chocó-Darién Moist Forests].

Reported by Heinemann and Belkin (1978), Carrejo and Gonzalez (1992), Suaza-Vasco et al. (2015), SIB (2020).

Dyar & Knab, 1906

E27BBB4B-7E32-5A23-851A-BCBDBD5EF94A

Antioquia: Apartadó, Jardín, Jericó [Magdalena Urabá Moist Forests, Cauca Valley Montane Forests]. Chocó: Litoral de San Juan, Nuquí [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests, South American Pacific Mangroves]. Valle del Cauca: Buenaventura [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests].

Reported by Barreto-Reyes (1955), Stone et al. (1959), Barreto and Vernon (1969), Parra-Henao and Suárez (2012), SIB (2020), new record.

Lutz, 1904

C4C35E72-5E04-563E-98D0-E099EF7A30D8

Antioquia: Jericó [Cauca ValleyMontane Forests]. Caldas: Chinchiná [Cauca Valley Montane Forests]. Chocó: Acandí [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests]. Magdalena: Santa Marta [Guajira-Barranquilla Xeric Scrub].

New record.

Dyar, 1919

C24F67FA-C27C-5DC6-9749-4112A27C9797

Antioquia: Apartadó, Jericó, Turbo [Cauca Valley Montane Forests, Magdalena-Urabá Moist Forests]. Valle del Cauca: Buenaventura [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests].

Reported by Carrejo and Gonzalez (1992), Parra-Henao and Suárez (2012), SIB (2020), new record.

(Williston, 1896)

30B4B557-BB09-5172-86DF-D7697E9745B9

Chocó: Nuquí [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests]. Meta: Restrepo, Villavicencio [Apure-Villavicencio Dry Forests, Cordillera Oriental Montane Forests]. Valle del Cauca: Buenaventura, Dagua [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests, North-western Andean Montane Forests].

Reported by Heinemann and Belkin (1978), Carrejo and Gonzalez (1992), SIB (2020), new record.

(Dyar & Knab, 1907)

29E9A8C3-826D-569C-AF81-B207CD4AF447

Atlántico: Barranquilla [Guajira-Barranquilla Xeric Scrub]. Antioquia: Fredonia, Hispania, Jericó [Cauca Valley Montane Forests]. Caldas: Chinchiná [Cauca Valley Montane Forests]. Chocó: Nuquí [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests]. Valle delCauca: Candelaria, Buenaventura. [Cauca Valley Dry Forests, Chocó-Darién Moist Forests].

Reported by Barreto-Reyes (1955), Stone et al. (1959), Barreto and Vernon (1969), new record.

(Dyar & Knab, 1908)

C505D97D-3E92-5F76-9AE6-E7EA28D3CD5D

Chocó: Nuquí [South American Pacific Mangroves]. Valle del Cauca: Buenaventura [Chocó-Darién Moist Forests].

Reported by Kano (1991), Carrejo and Gonzalez (1992), Zuluaga et al. (1993), SIB (2020).

Analysis

This species checklist with distribution records of sabethine mosquitoes constitutes a first approximation to demonstrate the diversity of this group in Colombia. The results largely reflect the sampling efforts in specific ecoregions of the Colombian territory and the lack of studies in other areas with ecological conditions that may harbour species of mosquitoes (Fig. 1).

Figure 1.

Political and administrative division of Colombia in Departments and distribution of the recorded species of tribe . Darker areas indicate higher number of species (according to historical records available in literature and new records derived from this work).

A total of 68 species and 16 subgenera were recognised. was the genus with the highest number of species (39). This genus exhibits the greatest number of species in the tribe (139) and, according to authorities, is prioritized for a taxonomic revision. Although is divided into 17 subgenera, 29 species are without subgeneric placement (Harbach 2014, Pereira et al. 2019). have been recorded in 19 of the 32 Departments of Colombia (Fig. 1) (Suppl. material 1). According to the literature review and the author's fieldwork, the genus exhibits the highest political distribution.

Colombia is also divided into 34 ecoregions (WWF 2015) and species listed here are present in 16 of them. The distribution records in ecoregions were obtained, based on the geographic coordinates (see Materials and Methods and Suppl. materials 1, 2). Chocó Darien Moist Forests, Cauca Valle Montane Forests and Apure-Villavicencio Dry Forests were the ecoregions with most distribution records of species: 38, 35 and 17 species, respectively. On the contrary, the Catatumbo Moist Forests, Negro-Branco Moist Forests, Amazon-Orinoco-Southern Caribbean Mangroves, North-western Andean Montane Forests and South American Pacific Mangroves were each represented by only a single genus.

Data indicate occurs in 12 ecoregions. Chocó-Darién Moist Forests and Cauca Valley Montane Forests included the greatest number of species of this genus with a total of 26 and 19, respectively. Remarkably, was the unique genus present in mangrove ecoregions. exhibit a wide distribution with presence in 10 ecoregions. This genus is represented by two species in the country, and , the last one exhibiting the most cosmopolitan distribution in the tribe with presence in eight ecoregions.

Species of the genus are involved in the transmission of very important arobovirus, such as yellow fever and Mayaro virus (Barrett and Higgs 2007, Muñoz and Navarro 2012, Navarro et al. 2015); however, species of , and genera are important in the transmission of lesser-known viruses, such as Pixuna, Kairi, Ilheus, Guama and Caraparu (de Rodaniche and Galindo 1961, Karabatsos 1985, Navarro et al. 2015). Despite the growing importance in Colombia due to ecological and epidemiological changes, studies considering distribution (Suaza-Vasco et al. 2015) and arbovirus transmission (Groot Liévano 2017) are limited.

In this study, the ecoregions with high numbers of species contain known or suspected vector species. In Chocó Darien Moist Forests, an annual average of 16,000 mm precipitation (WWF 2015) may favour the existence of the phytotelmata used as breeding places for species, such as (Consoli and Oliveira 1994) and , both of which are vectors of Mayaro virus (Navarro et al. 2015), the vector of yellow fever, Mayaro virus and Ilhéus virus (Monath 1988, Navarro et al. 2015), the vector of yellow fever, Ilhéus virus and St. Louis encephalitis virus (De Rodaniche and Galindo 1957, Monath 1988), the vector of St. Louis encephalitis virus, Bussuquara virus and Pixuna Hastrister et al. 1998, Auguste et al. 2010, as well as , a potential vector of Guama virus (De Souza Lopes et al. 1975, Navarro et al. 2015).

The Cauca Valley Montane Forests exhibit humid forest of the lower elevations (<1500 ma.s.l.) (WWF 2015) and have species, such as and known as the vectors of Venezuelan equine encephalitis and Caraparu virus (Aitken 1972, Navarro et al. 2015); and the vectors of yellow fever (Monath 1988); the potential vector of Guama virus (Navarro et al. 2015), as well as and .

The Apure-Villavicencio Dry Forest is a transition zone between montane forests and extensive plains, composed of a mosaic of premontane forests, dry forests, savannah and gallery forests with low annual precipitation (WWF 2015). In this area are present potential vectors, such as , , , , , and . The Caquetá Moist Forest is part of Colombia Amazon with large expanses of seasonally-flooded forests (WWF 2015), where species of with sylvatic preferences, such as the vector of Ilhéus virus (Gravina et al. 2018), , and , are present. is also registered in this zone. The Magdalena Urabá Moist Forest is a region characterized by dry forests and wetland vegetation on flooded soils (WWF 2015) with data indicating the presence of species, such as ; ; and .

Two potential new species of the genus are mentioned in the distribution records (Suppl. material 1). They are named sp. n.e. A and sp. n.e. B. Both "species" are considered to be part of the complex (Suaza-Vasco et al. 2015). According to Zavortink (1981), some species of this complex can be sympatric. This was evidenced, based on revision of entomological material by the authors (not published data, including detailed morphological study of characters present in male genitalia, larvae and distribution records).

This work does not represent the complete distribution of the tribe in Colombia, but it constitutes a first approximation to the more complete knowledge of the group in Colombia, including species and distribution. We consider ongoing studies to be relevant and intend to conduct a review of the material deposited in the entomological collections of museums and entities dedicated to the sampling of the family for public health studies.

New Colombian records

Occurrences

File: oo_539951.txt

References for records

References

File: oo_539952.txt