Advances in Rectal Cancer Surgery.

Surgical resection is the cornerstone of curative intent therapy for rectal cancer. The introduction of the concept of total mesorectal excision (TME) led to significant decreases in local recurrence. However, TME carries substantial morbidity. The advent of transanal endoscopic techniques, such as transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) and transanal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS), has allowed patients with early-stage disease to be managed with local excision and avoid the morbidity of TME. Advances in surgery such as laparoscopy, robotic surgery, and transanal approaches have also broadened the options for achieving TME. However, there is significant debate within the literature regarding the optimal approach and oncologic outcomes of these modalities.