A positive feedback loop formed by NGFR and FOXP3 contributes to the resistance of non-small cell lung cancer to icotinib.

BACKGROUND: The study was aimed to investigate the mechanisms causing acquired chemoresistance to icotinib, an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI), in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
METHODS: Three wildtype NSCLC cell lines were used to produce icotinib-resistant (IR) cell lines. Real-time PCR and western blot assays were used to detect the mRNA and protein levels of nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) and forkhead box P3 (FOXP3). MTT assay was used to detect the viability of cells. Luciferase activity and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were used to detect the transactivation activity of FOXP3.
RESULTS: NGFR and FOXP3 were dramatically increased in three IR NSCLC cell lines, and both proteins were required for induction of icotinib resistance. NGFR-induced icotinib resistance was partially related to activation of AKT, a well-known chemoresistance inducer in many tumor types. Activated AKT could induce the expression of FOXP3 which further induce icotinib through transactivating NGFR expression by binding to its promoter. In addition, the inducing of FOXP3 could also induce icotinib resistance solely.
CONCLUSIONS: NGFR, AKT and FOXP3 form a positive feedback loop, by which the abilities of NGFR and FOXP3 on inducing icotinib resistance are further enhanced. We believe that NGFR and FOXP3 might be novel therapeutic targets in NSCLC. 2020 Translational Cancer Research. All rights reserved.

Introduction

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer-related death (1). Eighty to eighty-five percent of lung cancer cases are NSCLC (1). Because the lack of cancer-specific symptoms, the majority of NSCLC cases are diagnosed at advanced stage, which always results in poor prognosis of patients with NSCLC (2).

Because 10–35% NSCLCs are driven by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, EGFR has emerged as the most successive target for NSCLC therapy (3). However, only a limited subset of patients harboring EGFR mutations benefit from the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) therapy, the majority of NSCLC patients are EGFR overexpression but not EGFR mutations (4). Intrinsic resistance in patients without EGFR mutations and acquired resistance after the initial response to TKIs are serious clinical issues. Uncovering the mechanisms by which chemoresistance is induced is beneficial for the improvement of the efficacy of TKIs in NSCLC.

Icotinib, a novel and the third listed EGFR-TKIs, has been approved as the first-line therapy in patients with advanced NSCLC by China Food and Drug Administration (5). Although it shows a good anti-tumor efficacy on NSCLC (6), especially in the advanced NSCLC (7), the resistance to icotinib is still observed in clinic (8). Here, in three icotinib-resistant (IR) NSCLC cell lines, nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) and forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) were identified to be novel inducer of icotinib resistance, and a positive feedback loop formed by the two proteins amplified their effects on inducing icotinib resistance.

Methods

Cell culture and establishment of IR NSCLC cell lines

Three wildtype NSCLC cell lines, A549, NCI-H661 and PC9, were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium (Gibco, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, penicillin (100 U/mL), and streptomycin (100 mg/mL) at 37 °C under 5% CO2. To establish three IR NSCLC cell lines, A549, HCI-H661 and PC9 were cultured with incrementing doses of icotinib (Selleck, USA) starting from 1 µM for 2 weeks, 3 µM for 2 weeks, 5 µM for 4 weeks, 8 µM for 6 weeks and 10 µM for 10 weeks.

Cell treatment

AT7867 (Selleck) was prepared in 5% dimethyl sulfoxide to obtain a stock solution of 20 mM, and 15 µM AT7867 were used to treat cells. Lipofectamine 2000 (Thermo Fisher, USA) was used to transfect luciferase reporter plasmid containing NGFR promoter or plasmid encoding human FOXP3 according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Lipofectamine RNAiMAX (Thermo Fisher) was used to transfect specific siRNAs of NGFR/FOXP3 (Santa Cruz, USA) and control siRNA (Santa Cruz) according to the manufacturer’s protocol.

MTT assay

MTT colorimetric assay kit (Promega, USA) was used to detect cell viability as previously described (9). Briefly, cells were plated in 96-well plates at a density of 5,000 cells, followed by culturing for 24 hours. The next day, cells were transfected with plasmids encoding NGFR/FOXP3 siRNAs or human FOXP3, or treated with icotinib/AT7867 for indicated times. MTT regent was added, and then cells were incubated at 37 °C. After 4 hours, formazan crystals were solubilized, and absorbance was measured at a wavelength of 570 nm.

Luciferase activity assay

The detailed method of luciferase activity assay had been described previously (10). Briefly, cells were transfected with promoter-reporter plasmid that contain NGFR promoter. Relative light unit values were normalized to the β-galactosidase signal. One microgram of promoter-reporter plasmid and pRSV β-galactosidase plasmid was used for all transfections.

TaqMan-based real-time PCR

The mRNA levels of NGFR, AKT and FOXP3 were detected by TaqMan-based real-time PCR as previously described (11). Briefly, the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, USA) was used to isolate total RNA and reverse transcription was used to synthesize first-strand cDNA using the SuperScript II First-Strand Synthesis System for RT-PCR (Invitrogen, USA). mRNA contents of NGFR/AKT/FOXP3 were normalized to the housekeeping gene β-actin. The primers and probes for detecting β-actin, FOXP3, NGFR and AKT were obtained from Fisher Scientific.

Western blot

Protein levels were detected by western blot as previously described (11). Briefly, RIPA Lysis and Extraction Buffer (Thermo Fisher) was used to isolated total protein. Isolated proteins (10–50 µg) were separated on 10–15% SDS-PAGE gels, followed by transferring of separated proteins to PVDF membranes. Five percent non-fat milk was used to block PVDF membrane. Anti-NGFR (Abcam, USA), anti-PARP (Abcam), anti-cleaved PARP (Abcam), anti-FOXP3 (Abcam), anti-AKT (Abcam), anti-p-AKT(S473) (Abcam) and anti-β-actin (Santa Cruz) were used for the specific primary antibodies.

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)

The interaction between FOXP3 and NGFR promoter was determined by ChIP as previously described (12). Briefly, anti-FOXP3 antibody (Abcam) was used for immunoprecipitating the DNA fragments that interacted with FOXP3, followed by PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis. The PCR of the NGFR promoter sequence was formed using 40 cycles as follows: 95 °C for 15 seconds, 65 °C for 40 seconds. The PCR products were analyzed on 1.5% agarose gels.

Statistical analysis

All the data shown are the results of at least three independent experiments and are expressed as means ± standard error of the mean (SEM). The differences between groups were compared using Student’s t-test. Differences were considered significant at confidence levels of P<0.05, P<0.01 and P<0.001, as indicated.

Results

NGFR is required for induction of icotinib resistance in NSCLC cells

A549, NCI-H661 and PC9 cell lines were used to produce three IR cell lines (A549-IR, NCI-H661-IR and PC9-IR) which successfully grew in medium with 10 µM icotinib. Compared with wildtype cell lines, mRNA and protein levels of NGFR were significantly increased in three IR NSCLC cell lines (). Ten µM icotinib induced cleaved PARP, a marker of apoptosis, in three IR NSCLC cell lines with the knockdown of NGFR via its specific siRNA and in three wildtype cell lines, but not in the IR cell lines expressing control siRNA (). Ten µM icotinib also reduced the viabilities of three IR cell lines expressing NGFR siRNA and three wildtype cell lines, but did not reduce the viabilities of three IR cell lines expressing control siRNA (). These results indicate an important role of NGFR on inducing icotinib resistance by suppressing apoptosis and maintaining cell viability.

Figure 1

Detection the effect of NGFR on inducing icotinib resistance in NSCLC cell lines. Real-time PCR (A) and western blot (B) detection of mRNA and protein levels of NGFR in three IR NSCLC cell lines (A549-IR, NCI-H661-IR, PC9-IR) and WT cell lines (A549-WT, HCI-H661-WT, PC9-WT); WT and IR NSCLC cell lines were previously transfected with NGFR siRNA (NGFR-si) or control siRNA (Ctrl-si) for 6 hours, followed by icotinib treatment (10 µM) for indicated times; western blot detection of indicated proteins (C) and MTT detection of cell viability (D). NGFR, nerve growth factor receptor; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; IR, icotinib-resistant; WT, wildtype.

FOXP3 is also required for induction of icotinib resistance in NSCLC cells

Compared with wildtype cell lines, the expression of FOXP3 was significantly increased in three IR NSCLC cell lines (), and siRNA-mediated FOXP3 silencing recovered the abilities of icotinib (10 µM) on inducing apoptosis and reducing cell viability in these IR cell lines, suggesting an important role of FOXP3 on inducing icotinib resistance in NSCLC cells by inhibiting apoptosis and maintaining cell viability (). Moreover, 10 µM icotinib treatment could not reduce the viabilities of three wildtype NSCLC cell lines with FOXP3 overexpression, suggesting that the inducing of FOXP3 can induce icotinib resistance solely ().

Figure 2

Detection the effect of FOXP3 on inducing icotinib resistance in NSCLC cell lines. Real-time PCR (A) and western blot (B) detection of mRNA and protein levels of FOXP3 in three IR NSCLC cell lines and WT cell lines; (C,D) WT and IR NSCLC cell lines were previously transfected with FOXP3 siRNA (FOXP3-si) or control siRNA (Ctrl-si) for 6 hours, followed by icotinib treatment (10 µM) for indicated times. Western blot detection of indicated proteins (C) and MTT detection of cell viability (D); (E) WT and IR NSCLC cell lines were previously transfected with plasmid encoding human FOXP3 or control vector for 6 hours, followed by icotinib treatment (10 µM). MTT detection of cell viability at indicated times. FOXP3, forkhead box P3; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; IR, icotinib-resistant; WT, wildtype.

FOXP3 induces NGFR transcription by binding to its promoter

First, the knockdown of FOXP3 reduced mRNA and protein levels of NGFR in three IR cell lines (), but FOXP3 overexpression would increase NGFR expression (), suggesting that FOXP3 can positively regulate NGFR expression. Next, a NGFR luciferase (NGFR-luc) reporter and a plasmid encoding human FOXP3 were co-transfected into three wildtype NSCLC cell lines for 48 hours. As shown in , FOXP3 overexpression enhanced the luciferase activity of NGFR-luc, suggesting an important role of FOXP3 on transactivating NGFR expression (). At last, the binding of FOXP3 to NGFR promoter in three wildtype NSCLC cell lines was determined by ChIP assay, suggesting that NGFR is a bona fide transcriptional target of FOXP3 and its transcription can be induced by FOXP3 binding to its promoter (). ChIP assay further identified more binding in three IR cells lines than in wildtype cell lines (), partially explaining why NGFR was increased in three IR cell lines.

Figure 3

FOXP3 promotes NGFR expression by inducing its transcription. (A,B) Three IR NSCLC cell lines were transfected with FOXP3 siRNA (FOXP3-si) or control siRNA (Ctrl-si) for 48 hours, followed by detection of NGFR mRNA by real-time PCR (A) and its protein by western blot (B); (C,D) three WT NSCLC cell lines were transfected with plasmid encoding human FOXP3 or control vector for 48 hours, followed by detection of NGFR mRNA by real-time PCR (C) and its protein by western blot (D); (E) three WT NSCLC cell lines were co-transfected with plasmid encoding human FOXP3 and luciferase reporter plasmid containing NGFR promoter (NGFR-luc) reporter vector (pGL3-basic) for 48 hours, followed by detection of luciferase activity; (F) detection the binding of FOXP3 to NGFR promoter by ChIP. An anti-FOXP3 antibody was used for immunoprecipitating FOXP3-binding DNA fragments, followed by PCR to amply NGFR promoter and ethidium bromide-stained agarose gel electrophoresis detection of PCR productor; (G) detection the bindings of FOXP3 to NGFR promoter in WT and IR NSCLC cell lines by ChIP. FOXP3, forkhead box P3; NGFR, nerve growth factor receptor; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; NGFR-luc, NGFR luciferase; ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation; IR, icotinib-resistant; WT, wildtype.

NGFR induces the expression of FOXP3 by activating AKT

As shown in , although mRNA and total protein levels of AKT in three IR NSCLC cell lines were similar as that in wildtype cell lines, the protein levels of p-AKT(S473) in IR cell lines were higher than that in wildtype cell lines, suggesting that AKT was activated in IR NSCLC cells. Inhibition of AKT activity by 15 µM AT7867 significantly reduced the viabilities of three IR cell lines treated with 10 µM icotinib, suggesting a critical role of activated AKT on maintaining the viability of IR NSCLC cells (). Inhibition of AKT activity via AT7867 resulted in reduction of mRNA and protein levels of FOXP3 in three IR NSCLC cell lines, suggesting that activated AKT is required for inducing FOXP3 expression (). Finally, knockdown of NGFR via its specific siRNA reduced the protein levels of p-AKT(S473), but not total AKT, in three IR cell lines, suggesting that NGFR expression is required for activation of AKT (). Taken together, these data suggest that NGFR can induce FOXP3 expression by activating AKT.

Figure 4

NGFR-activated AKT induces FOXP3 expression. (A) Real-time PCR detection of AKT mRNA in three WT and IR NSCLC cell lines; (B) western blot detection of indicated proteins in three WT and IR NSCLC cell lines; (C) MTT detection of the viability of three IR NSCLC cells co-treated with AT7867 (15 µM) and icotinib (10 µM) for indicated times; (D) real-time PCR detection of FOXP3 mRNA in three IR NSCLC cell lines treated with AT7867 (15 µM) or DMSO for 48 hours; (E) western blot detection of indicated proteins in three IR NSCLC cell lines treated with AT7867 (15 µM) or DMSO for 48 hours; (F) western blot detection of indicated proteins in three IR NSCLC cell lines transfected with NGFR siRNA (NGFR-si) or control siRNA (Ctrl-si) for 48 hours; (G) a model for the role of the positive feedback loop formed by NGFR, AKT and FOXP3 in inducing icotinib resistance in NSCLC cells. FOXP3, forkhead box P3; NGFR, nerve growth factor receptor; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; IR, icotinib-resistant; WT, wildtype.

Discussion

In this study, our data demonstrate new roles of NGFR and FOXP3 on inducing icotinib resistance in NSCLC cells and further uncover a positive feedback loop formed by NGFR, AKT and FOXP3 (). This feedback loop undoubtedly can enlarge the effects of NGFR and FOXP3 on inducing icotinib resistance (). To our knowledge, these data have rarely been reported.

NGFR, a 75 kD single-transmembrane protein, widely expresses in the central and peripheral nervous system (13). It does not have kinase activity but often partners with other receptors, e.g., TrkA, to be involved in regulating multitude of processes during neurogenesis (13). The roles of NGFR on tumor are tumor cells-type dependent. For example, activation of NGFR inhibits apoptosis and increased survival of schwannoma and breast cancer cells (14,15), and it is also required for promoting migration and invasion in many metastatic tumors (16). But NGFR is reported to suppress tumor growth in prostate and bladder cancers (17,18). The binding of SHC1 to NGFR can activate PI3K/AKT pathway (19). Abnormal activation of PI3K/AKT pathway has been frequently observed in many types of tumor cells, which supports survival of tumor cells and is required for induction of chemoresistance (20). Although the effects of NGFR on induction of chemoresistance are rarely reported, it is rational to believe that NGFR-induced chemoresistance might be dependent on activating PI3K/AKT pathway. Our data confirmed that, at least in NSCLC cells, NGFR activates AKT to induce the resistance to icotinib. NGFR is also required for induction of cancer stem cells (CSCs) (21). CSCs possess strong chemoresistance capacity by expressing drug-transporter proteins, which lead to high resistance to chemotherapeutic agents (22). We believe that NGFR might also induce chemoresistance by inducing CSCs.

FOXP3 is a critical transcription factor for induction of CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells (Treg) (23,24). Treg cells serve an immunosuppressive function in the tumor microenvironment and contribute to the escape of tumor cells from the immune system and contribute to the progression of many tumor types (including NSCLC) (25-27). The role of FOXP3 on promoting NSCLC through inducing Treg development is clear (26,27), but the role of FOXP3 expressed by tumor cells remains controversial. FOXP3 expressed in human tumor samples (including NSCLC) is related to metastatic spread, lymph node metastasis and TNM stage, but it is regarded as a tumor suppressor in vitro studies (28-30). Although FOXP3 is reported to induce chemoresistance through promoting Treg development (23,24), the effect of FOXP3 expressed by NSCLC cells on inducing chemoresistance is rarely reported. FOXP3 has many transcriptional target genes including many oncogenes (31). Thus, it is rational to believe that FOXP3-induced expression of many oncogenes should partially contribute to its effect on inducing chemoresistance.

Taken together, our data demonstrate that NGFR and FOXP3 are two critical factors causing the resistance to icotinib in NSCLC cells. We believe that both proteins should have great potential to be new therapeutic targets in NSCLC.