Inhaled Corticosteroid Use Among COPD Patients in Primary Care in Spain.

PURPOSE: Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are frequently used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) outside the current recommendations. Our aim was to describe ICS use in COPD patients and to identify factors associated with ICS use among COPD patients treated within primary care in Spain. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional, non-interventional and multicenter study of patients with COPD treated in primary care. Patient characteristics and exacerbations were described in terms of ICS use among the overall cohort, and among those with spirometry confirmed COPD (post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV1]/forced vital capacity [FVC] ratio <70%). Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with ICS use.
RESULTS: A total of 901 patients were included, of which 47.9% (n = 432) were treated with ICS. A total of 240 patients (26.6%) experienced moderate/severe exacerbations in the prior year, while 309 (34.3%) during the previous two years. History of asthma totaled 11.6% (n = 105). The most frequent phenotype was non-exacerbator (51.6%), and the proportion of patient with moderate or severe exacerbations was significantly higher among ICS treated patients compared to non-treated: 37.5% versus 16.6% during the previous year (p < 0.001), and 46.8% versus 22.8% during the previous 2-years (p < 0.001), respectively. Patient characteristics were similar among spirometry confirmed patients and the overall population. Factors significantly associated with ICS use were a history of asthma (OR = 4.39, 95% CI: 2.67-7.26), the presence of moderate or severe exacerbations in the last year (OR = 2.52, 95% CI: 1.81-3.49), followed by higher mMRC and higher CAT score.
CONCLUSION: Nearly half of patients in primary care in Spain are treated with ICS, despite most of them being non-exacerbators. History of asthma, exacerbations, and worse dyspnea and CAT scores are associated with ICS use.

Introduction

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a significant public health problem, causing 2.6% of global disability-adjusted life years worldwide.1 Disease prevalence increases with age, and it is estimated to affect 11.8% individuals aged 40 or above in Spain, although underdiagnosis is frequent.2

Exacerbations are the leading cause of COPD-associated mortality.3,4 In this sense, one of the main goals of pharmacological therapy is to reduce the number and severity of acute exacerbations.5 Different clinical guidelines have recognized the usefulness of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in patients with frequent exacerbations despite optimal bronchodilator treatment, by decreasing the number of exacerbations and improving quality of life.6,7 However, long-term use of ICS is associated with an increased risk of significant side-effects,8,9 for which ICS should be reserved for individuals at high exacerbation risk.

Both blood eosinophils and previous history of exacerbations are the criteria defined in guidelines for the use of ICS. The Spanish COPD guidelines recommend the use of ICS for patients with frequent exacerbations and an eosinophilic phenotype.10 The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2019 strategy6 recommends ICS for individuals in group D with more than 300 blood eosinophils/µL, and as continuation therapy in patients with frequent exacerbations despite initial therapy and more than 100 eosinophils/µL. However, discrepancies exist between guidelines and real-life practice, given that approximately two-thirds of COPD patients are non-exacerbators and ICS therapy is not recommended, although more than 60% of these patients are treated with ICS in Spain.11,12 In order to prevent unnecessary risks of side effects, the recent European Respiratory Society (ERS) guideline recommends withdrawing ICS in COPD patients with infrequent exacerbations and less than 300 eosinophils in peripheral blood.13 However, despite current recommendations, a recent Spanish study conducted in primary care showed that 54% of patients initiating triple therapy including ICS had no exacerbations in the previous year and only 34% stepped down during five years follow-up.14

The aim of our study was to describe ICS use in COPD patients and identify predictors of ICS use among COPD patients treated within primary care in Spain.

Materials and Methods

Design

This was an observational, cross-sectional, non-interventional, and multicenter study among COPD patients attending Spanish Primary Care centers. The design of the study imposed a single visit coinciding with patients’ routine COPD follow-up.

Site and Patient Selection

To ensure the study sample’s representativeness of the COPD population in Spain, patients were recruited from 182 primary care centers in different geographical areas according to the distribution of the overall population in this area. The number of sites/patients in each Autonomous Communities was estimated according to the COPD population distribution extracted from the Spanish National Institute of Statistics (INE).15

To minimize selection bias at the patient level, the first 5 consecutive patients from each site who met all selection criteria and provided written informed consent prior to participation were enrolled between September 2018 and January 2020. Inclusion criteria were: individuals aged 40 or above, a COPD diagnosis of more than 2 years before the study visit, previously confirmed COPD diagnosis by post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio <70%, clinical records with at least a 2-year history available before the study visit, and the ability to complete COPD Assessment Test (CAT). Individuals with a moderate or severe exacerbation at the time of the study visit or within the previous 4 weeks before the study visit were excluded from the study.

Data Sources and Variables

Investigators collected socio-demographic and clinical variables directly from patients’ medical records. Information included demographic variables, smoking status and pack-years, body mass index (BMI) (Kg/m2), comorbidities, history of asthma, spirometry data, blood eosinophils, time since COPD diagnosis, and COPD treatment, among others. Current ICS treatment was obtained from medical charts and was collected as current use of ICS.

Moderate and severe exacerbations occurring within the last year and last 2-years prior to the study visit were recorded. Moderate exacerbations were considered as an increase in respiratory symptoms significant enough to require additional medication with antibiotics and/or systemic corticosteroids, while severe exacerbations were those requiring hospitalization.

Blood eosinophils count was categorized into high/low, using ≥300 cell/µL as the threshold. Additionally, because many patients’ eosinophil values were reported in percentage (%), a threshold was established at the 75 percentile-point,16 which for this cohort was equaled 3.6% (high eosinophils ≥3.6%, low eosinophils <3.6%). The body mass index, obstruction, dyspnea and exacerbations (BODEx) index, which ranges between 0–9 and computes BMI, degree of dyspnea measured with the modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) scale, pulmonary function measured with the FEV1 (%) post-bronchodilation, and the number of severe exacerbations, were used to assess COPD prognosis.17 The COPD specific comorbidity test (COTE) index, which ranges between 0 and 25, was used to assess patients’ comorbidities burden in COPD associated with a higher risk of death.18

At the study visit, patients completed the mMRC dyspnea scale, which ranges from 0 to 4, where a higher score indicates higher degree of breathlessness, and the CAT, to assess the impact of COPD on symptoms and usual activities (ranges from 0 to 40) with higher scores denoting a more severe impact of COPD on patient’s quality of life. All adverse events commonly related to ICS use, irrespective of when they occurred, were collected at the study visit from medical charts (pneumonia, fracture, skin thinning/easy bruising, cataracts, diabetes, oropharyngeal candidiasis).

Patient Subgroups

Patients’ characteristics were classified according to the phenotypes of the Spanish guidelines for COPD 2017 (GesEPOC 2017) (non exacerbator, exacerbator with emphysema, exacerbator chronic bronchitis, asthma-COPD overlap syndrome), since this was an observational study, no computed tomography was required, and the diagnosis of emphysema was based on the clinical criteria of the investigators.19 Patients were categorized at the time of inclusion according to the GOLD 2019 patient groups (A, B, C, D), and based on their airflow limitation severity (based on post-bronchodilator FEV1 value), into four levels (I, II, III, and IV), according to the GOLD 2019 document.6

Sub-Analysis in Patients with Available Spirometry

While all patients had a COPD diagnosis based on FEV1/FVC ratio <70%, in a significant proportion of patients’ full spirometry values were not recorded in the medical chart. As a result, patients were classified according to the presence/absence of complete spirometry values into spirometry confirmed COPD and COPD (Figure 1).

Figure 1

Flow chart of the study.

Statistical Analysis

All variables were described with measures of central tendency (mean and median), variability/dispersion (standard deviation, interquartile ranges, and ranges) for continuous variables, and distributions of absolute and relative frequencies for categorical variables. Patients were compared according to ICS use and spirometry status, using Chi-Square or Fisher’s Exact test for categorical variables, and means t-test, Mann–Whitney U-test, or Kruskal Wallis test when appropriate for continuous variables.

Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess variables associated with ICS use. Variables included in the multivariable model were selected using an explanatory approach (age, sex, spirometry (yes/no), blood eosinophils (high/low), history of asthma (yes/no), mMRC, CAT and moderate/severe exacerbations previous year). The final model was selected using a backward elimination procedure, which selected variables with a p-value <0.05 in the univariate analysis. The same models were reproduced restricting the patient sample to individuals with spirometry confirmed COPD using the same procedure previously described. The 95% confidence intervals were obtained. All statistical testing was 2-sided and a p-value <0.05 was used to determine statistical significance. All analyses were conducted using SAS Enterprise Guide version 7.15 software.

Ethical Considerations

The OPTI study was conducted in accordance with the protocol, the principles set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki, and the applicable Spanish regulations regarding the conduct of observational studies. All patients were required to sign the informed consent form to participate in this study. This study was approved by the Principality of Asturias’ ethics committee.

Results

Population

A total of 922 patients were initially enrolled, of which 21 (2.2%) were excluded because they did not fulfill the selection criteria, leaving 901 eligible patients (Figure 1). Mean (SD) age was 71.0 (9.8) years and 80.4% were male. Most patients were ex-smokers (60.1%). The mean (SD) postbronchodilator FEV1 (%) was 65.9% (19.8%), and high blood eosinophils were present in 28%. In terms of the GesEPOC phenotypes, most patients (51.6%) were non-exacerbators, followed by exacerbators-chronic bronchitis type (22.5%). The most prevalent GOLD (2019) group was group B (61.5%), followed by D (27.2%). The proportion of patients with moderate or severe exacerbations in the last year was 26.6% and in the last 2 years 34.3%. Up to 47.9% of patients were treated with ICS.

Of the 901 patients included in the study, 539 (59.8%) patients had a spirometry confirmed COPD diagnosis. Baseline characteristics were compared among patients with spirometry confirmed COPD and COPD (Table 1), being the most remarkable differences between groups in terms of the BODEx index, the number of exacerbations in the last 2-years, and an ICS-use, which were all higher among the spirometry confirmed COPD group.

Table 1

Characteristics of Patients Included in the Study and Comparisons Between Those with COPD and Spirometry Confirmed COPD

Characteristics	Total (n = 901)	Spirometry Confirmed COPD (n = 539)	COPD (n = 362)	P value
Age, years	71.0 (9.8)	71.1 (9.7)	70.8 (10.0)	0.731
Sex, male, n (%)	724 (80.4%)	437 (81.1%)	287 (79.3%)	0.506
BMI (Kg/m2)	28.4 (5.2)	28.0 (5.4)	29.0 (4.8)	0.004
Smoking habits, n (%)
Smoker	281 (31.3%)	173 (32.2%)	108 (29.9%)	0.107
Ex-smoker	540 (60.1%)	327 (60.8%)	213 (59.0%)
Never smoker	78 (8.7%)	38 (7.1%)	40 (11.1%)
Pack-years	45.4 (26.7)	46.4 (27.2)	43.6 (26.0)	0.193
Post-BD spirometry:
FVC, L	3.0 (0.9)	3.0 (0.9)	2.9 (0.9)	0.228
FVC (%)	80.9 (19.3)	80.6 (19.7)	82.7 (17.0)	0.312
FEV1, L	1.8 (0.7)	1.8 (0.7)	2.1 (0.7)	<0.001
FEV1 (%)**	65.9 (19.8)	63.7 (19.3)	76.3 (18.7)	<0.001
FEV1/FVC (%)***	61.1 (11.4)	58.0 (9.3)	77.2 (7.2)	<0.001
Blood eosinophils, cells/mm3	250 (153)	242 (152)	275 (158)	0.364
Blood eosinophils (%)	2.7 (1.7)	2.8 (1.8)	2.5 (1.6)	0.163
High blood eosinophils*, n (%)	175 (28.0%)	119 (28.6%)	56 (26.8%)	0.634
History of asthma, n (%)	105 (11.7%)	63 (11.7%)	42 (11.6%)	0.969
mMRC	1.5 (1.0)	1.5 (1.0)	1.5 (1.0)	0.544
CAT	14.5 (7.8)	14.6 (7.9)	14.2 (7.7)	0.485
BODEx index	1.5 (1.5)	1.6 (1.6)	1.0 (1.1)	<0.001
COTE index	2.2 (2.9)	2.3 (3.0)	2.03 (2.7)	0.314
Phenotypes, n (%)
Non exacerbator	446 (51.6%)	257 (49.2%)	189 (55.1%)	0.234
Exacerbator with emphysema	84 (9.7%)	57 (10.9%)	27 (7.9%)
Exacerbator with chronic bronchitis	195 (22.5%)	118 (22.6%)	77 (22.4%)
ACOS	140 (16.2%)	90 (17.2%)	50 (14.6%)
GOLD group, n (%)
A	93 (10.3%)	54 (10.0%)	39 (10.8%)	0.962
B	554 (61.5%)	331 (61.4%)	223 (61.6%)
C	9 (1.0%)	5 (0.9%)	4 (1.1%)
D	245 (27.2%)	149 (27.6%)	96 (26.5%)
Exacerbations previous year:
Moderate, n (%)	186 (20.6%)	119 (22.1%)	67 (18.5%)	0.194
Mean number of moderate exacerbations in the last year per patient (all)	0.4 (0.9)	0.4 (1.0)	0.3 (0.9)	0.211
Severe, n (%)	77 (8.5%)	52 (9.6%)	25 (6.9%)	0.149
Mean number of severe exacerbations in the last year per patient (all)	0.1 (0.4)	0.1 (0.5)	0.1 (0.3)	0.144
Moderate/severe, n (%)	240 (26.6%)	152 (28.2%)	88 (24.3%)	0.195
Mean number of moderate/severe (all)	0.5 (1.0)	0.5 (1.1)	0.4 (0.9)	0.086
Exacerbations in the previous 2 years:
Moderate/severe, n (%)	309 (34.3%)	196 (36.4%)	113 (31.2%)	0.111
Number of moderate/severe (all)	0.8 (1.7)	0.9 (1.8)	0.7 (1.5)	0.047
Treatment, n (%)
None	46 (5.1%)	21 (3.9%)	25 (6.9%)	0.033
LAMA or LABA	96 (10.7%)	62 (11.5%)	34 (9.4%)
LAMA/LABA	316 (35.1%)	175 (32.5%)	141 (39.0%)
LAMA/ICS or LABA/ICS	110 (12.2%)	63 (11.7%)	47 (13.0%)
LAMA/LABA/ICS	317 (35.2%)	207 (38.4%)	110 (30.4%)
Other	16 (1.8%)	11 (2.0%)	5 (1.4%)
ICS (any), n (%)	432 (47.9%)	273 (50.6%)	159 (43.9%)	0.048

Notes: Values are means (SD), unless otherwise specified; *high eosinophils are defined as ≥3.6% or ≥300 cell/µL and valid n=625, of which 416 are spirometry confirmed; **FEV1% valid n=633; ***FEV1/FVC%, valid n=643.

Abbreviations: ACOS, asthma COPD overlap syndrome; BD, bronchodilator; BMI, body mass index; BODEx, body mass index, obstruction, dyspnea and exacerbations index; CAT, COPD assessment test; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COTE, COPD comorbidity test; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity; ICS, inhaled corticosteroids; LABA, long-acting beta2-agonist; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonists; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council; SD, standard deviation.

A total of 28 patients (3.1%) experienced an ICS-related adverse event (14 patients experienced these events within two years before the study visit (1.6%), while the rest occurred beyond that cut-off point). The most frequent events were oropharyngeal candidiasis (10 patients), pneumonia (8 patients), diabetes (7 patients), fracture (4 patients), and cataracts (3 patients). No cases of skin thinning/easy bruising were reported.

Patients’ Characteristics According to the Use of ICS

For the whole group, ICS-treated patients were older, showed a lower proportion of active smokers, a greater evidence of obstruction in spirometry, a greater proportion of asthma, a greater impact of COPD measured by BODEx and mMRC, and significantly different distribution in terms of patient phenotypes and GOLD groups, with a lower proportion of non-exacerbators and a greater proportion of GOLD groups C and D when compared to non-ICS treated patients (Table 2).

Table 2

Comparison of Characteristics Between Patients Treated or Not Treated with ICS in Patients with COPD and in Those with Spirometry Confirmed COPD

Characteristics	Spirometry Confirmed COPD (n = 539)			COPD (n = 362)
	Treated with ICS (n = 273)	Not Treated with ICS (n = 266)	P value	Treated with ICS (n = 159)	Not Treated with ICS (n = 203)	P value
Age, years	72.0 (9.9)	70.1 (9.4)	0.023	70.5 (10.9)	71.1 (9.3)	0.539
Sex, male, n (%)	220 (80.6%)	217 (81.6%)	0.769	123 (77.4%)	164 (80.8%)	0.424
BMI (Kg/m2)	27.8 (5.2)	28.1 (5.5)	0.481	29.4 (5.2)	28.7 (4.5)	0.156
Smoking habits, n (%)
Smoker	74 (27.2%)	99 (37.2%)		50 (31.6%)	58 (28.6%)	0.463
Ex-smoker	176 (64.7%)	151 (56.8%)	0.041	94 (59.5%)	119 (58.6%)
Never smoker	22 (8.1%)	16 (6.0%)		14 (8.9%)	26 (12.8%)
Pack-years	46.5 (27.8)	46.4 (26.6)	0.985	43.3 (23.5)	43.8 (27.8)	0.889
Post-BD spirometry
FVC, L	2.8 (0.9)	3.2 (1.0)	<0.001	3.0 (0.8)	2.8 (0.9)	0.440
FVC (%)	77.9 (18.8)	83.2 (20.2)	0.002	82.1 (18.3)	83.0 (16.2)	0.789
FEV1, L	1.6 (0.6)	1.9 (0.7)	<0.001	2.2 (0.7)	2.1 (0.6)	0.395
FEV1 (%)	60.3 (19.5)	67.1 (18.4)	<0.001	75.2 (21.0)	77.1 (17.2)	0.596
FEV1/FVC	56.8 (9.9)	59.2 (8.5)	0.002	77.7 (7.3)	76.9 (7.1)	0.560
Blood eosinophils, cells/mm3 (corrected)	234 (152)	249 (153)	0.676	283 (164)	261 (156)	0.750
Blood eosinophils (%)	2.8 (1.9)	2.7 (1.6)	0.418	2.5 (1.6)	2.5 (1.6)	0.999
High blood eosinophils*, n (%)	65 (31.9%)	54 (25.5%)	0.149	28 (28.9%)	28 (25.0%)	0.529
History of asthma, n (%)	47 (17.2%)	16 (6.0%)	<0.001	35 (22.0%)	7 (3.4%)	<0.001
mMRC	1.8 (1.1)	1.2 (0.9)	<0.001	1.6 (1.1)	1.3 (0.9)	0.015
CAT	16.2 (8.1)	12.9 (7.3)	<0.001	15.8 (7.9)	13.0 (7.3)	0.001
BODEx index	2.0 (1.8)	1.2 (1.3)	<0.001	1.2 (1.3)	0.8 (0.9)	0.082
COTE index	2.4 (3.1)	2.2 (2.9)	0.520	2.4 (2.8)	1.8 (2.6)	0.020
Phenotypes, n (%)
Non exacerbator	71 (27.1%)	186 (71.5%)	<0.001	57 (38.5%)	132 (67.7%)	<0.001
Exacerbator with emphysema	40 (15.3%)	17 (6.5%)		13 (8.8%)	14 (7.2%)
Exacerbator with chronic bronchitis	80 (30.5%)	38 (14.6%)		35 (23.6%)	42 (21.5%)
ACOS	71 (27.1%)	19 (7.3%)		43 (29.1%)	7 (3.6%)
GOLD group, n (%)
A	21 (7.7%)	33 (12.4%)	<0.001	18 (11.3%)	21 (10.3%)	0.014
B	140 (51.3%)	191 (71.8%)		84 (52.8%)	139 (68.5%)
C	1 (0.4%)	4 (1.5%)		2 (1.3%)	2 (1.0%)
D	111 (40.7%)	38 (14.3%)		55 (34.6%)	41 (20.2%)
Exacerbations previous year
Moderate, n(%)	83 (30.4%)	36 (13.5%)	<0.001	42 (26.4%)	25 (12.3%)	0.001
Mean number of moderate	0.6 (1.2)	0.2 (0.8)	<0.001	0.5 (1.1)	0.2 (0.7)	0.001
Severe, n(%)	41 (15.0%)	11 (4.1%)	<0.001	16 (10.1%)	9 (4.4%)	0.036
Mean number of severe	0.2 (0.6)	0.1 (0.3)	0.002	0.1 (0.5)	0.0 (0.2)	0.014
Moderate/severe, n(%)	107 (39.2%)	45 (16.9%)	<0.001	55 (34.6%)	33 (16.3%)	<0.001
Mean number of moderate/severe (all)	0.8 (1.3)	0.3 (0.8)	<0.001	0.6 (1.1)	0.2 (0.7)	<0.001
Exacerbations in the previous 2 years
Moderate/severe, n(%)	137 (50.2%)	59 (22.2%)	<0.001	65 (40.9%)	48 (23.6%)	<0.001
Number of moderate/severe	1.4 (2.1)	0.5 (1.3)	<0.001	1.1 (1.8)	0.4 (1.2)	<0.001
Treatment, n (%)
None	21 (7.9%)	–	<0.001	–	25 (12.3%)	<0.001
LAMA or LABA	62 (23.3%)	–		–	34 (16.7%)
LAMA/LABA	175 (65.8%)	–		–	141 (69.5%)
LAMA/ICS or LABA/ICS	–	63 (23.1%)		47 (29.6%)	–
LAMA/LABA/ICS	–	207 (75.8%)		110 (69.2%)	–
Other	8 (3.0%)	3 (1.1%)		2 (1.3%)	3 (1.5%)
ICS (any), n (%)	273 (100%)	–	–	159 (100%)	–	–

Notes: Values are means (SD), unless otherwise specified; *high eosinophils are defined as ≥3.6% or ≥300 cell/µL and valid n=416 among spirometry confirmed patients, of which 204 were treated with ICS; and n=209 for COPD patients, of which 97 were treated with ICS.

Abbreviations: ACOS, asthma COPD overlap syndrome; BD, bronchodilator; BMI, body mass index; BODEx, body mass index, obstruction, dyspnea and exacerbations index; CAT, COPD assessment test; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COTE, COPD comorbidity test; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity; ICS, inhaled corticosteroids; LABA, long-acting beta2-agonist; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonists; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council; SD, standard deviation.

History of Exacerbations in Patients Treated and Not Treated with ICS

The proportion of patient with moderate or severe exacerbations was significantly higher among ICS treated patients compared to those not treated with ICS: 37.5% versus 16.6% during the previous year (p < 0.001), and 46.8% versus 22.8% during the previous 2-years (p < 0.001), respectively. The mean (SD) number of exacerbations was significantly higher among ICS treated patients, at 0.72 (1.23) exacerbations in the prior year and 1.27 (1.99) exacerbations in the last two years (p > 0.001) (Table 3).

Table 3

Previous Exacerbations in Patients with and without ICS Treatment

Characteristics	Total (n = 901)			Spirometry Confirmed COPD (n = 539)
	Treated with ICS (n = 432)	Not Treated with ICS (n = 469)	P value	Treated with ICS (n = 273)	Not Treated with ICS (n = 266)	P value
Exacerbations previous year:
Moderate, n(%)	125 (28.9%)	61 (13.0%)	<0.001	83 (30.4%)	36 (13.5%)	<0.001
Moderate, mean (SD) (all)	0.55 (1.12)	0.22 (0.71)	<0.001	0.58 (1.15)	0.23 (0.76)	<0.001
Severe, n(%)	57 (13.2%)	20 (4.3%)	<0.001	41 (15.0%)	11 (4.1%)	<0.001
Severe, mean (SD) (all)	0.17 (0.54)	0.05 (0.24)	<0.001	0.20 (0.59)	0.05 (0.26)	<0.001
Moderate/severe, n(%)	162 (37.5%)	78 (16.6%)	<0.001	107 (39.2%)	45 (16.9%)	<0.001
Moderate/severe, mean (SD) (all)	0.72 (1.23)	0.26 (0.77)	<0.001	0.77 (1.29)	0.28 (0.81)	<0.001
Exacerbations in the previous 2 years:
Moderate/severe, n(%)	202 (46.8%)	107 (22.8%)	<0.001	137 (50.2%)	59 (22.2%)	<0.001
Moderate/severe, mean (SD) (all)	1.27 (1.99)	0.43 (1.25)	<0.001	1.40 (2.09)	0.45 (1.31)	<0.001

Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICS, inhaled corticosteroids; SD, standard deviation.

Among the 432 patients treated with ICS, 70.4% had eosinophil counts (68.4% low and 31.6% high eosinophils). Patients without exacerbations in the prior year totaled 38.5% in the high eosinophil count group and 33.6% in the low eosinophil count group. The majority of ICS treated patients without exacerbations in the previous year did not experience any exacerbation during the previous two years, 56.7% among the high eosinophil count group and 61.4% among the low eosinophil count group (Figure 2A). The distribution of eosinophil counts and exacerbations in patients without ICS treatment is shown in Figure 2B.

Figure 2

Distribution of the population according to the blood eosinophil levels and the frequency of exacerbations for: (A) patients on ICS; (B) patients not on ICS.

ICS Use According to Different Guidelines and Patient Scales

ICS use varied among the different phenotypes, with the highest proportion of patients treated with ICS among those with an asthma COPD overlap syndrome (ACOS) phenotype (81.4%), followed by the exacerbator with emphysema phenotype (63.1%) (Figure 3A). ICS use according to the GOLD spirometric classification was below 50% for groups I and II, while 64.1% and 68.8% for groups III and IV, respectively (Figure 4B). Among the GOLD 2019 patient groups, groups A–C ranged between 33% and 42%, while group D had a higher proportion of ICS treated patients, at 67.8%. Patients treated with ICS showed a greater impact of COPD measured by all patient scales (BODEx, CAT, and mMRC) (Figure 3B).

Figure 3

Use of ICS according to (A) the GOLD groups and GESEPOC level of risk and phenotypes, and (B) patients' scales.

Figure 4

Forest plot of variables associated with the prescription of ICS for COPD in primary care. (A) Total population (n = 901), and (B) population with spirometry confirmed COPD (n = 539).

Factors Independently Associated with the Prescription of ICS for COPD in Primary Care

Overall, individuals with a prior history of asthma were more likely to be treated with ICS than those without asthma (Figure 4A) (OR = 4.39, 95% CI: 2.67–7.26). Similarly, patients with moderate or severe exacerbations in the last year were also more likely to be treated with ICS, evidenced by an OR = 2.52 (95% CI: 1.81–3.49). The increase in each grade of mMRC and each unit in CAT were both associated with an increased use of ICS, being the OR for each 2 grades increase in mMRC of 1.58 (95% CI: 1.10–2.27), and for each 5 units increase in CAT 1.14 (95% CI: 1.01–1.29).

Spirometry Confirmed COPD Sub-Analysis

A total of 539 subjects had spirometry confirmed COPD, and 50.6% were treated with ICS. ICS treated patients were generally older, more likely to be ex-smokers, and spirometry parameters were generally lower compared to non-ICS treated COPD confirmed patients (Table 2). ICS treated patients more frequently had a history of asthma and a higher symptom severity as evidenced by a higher mMRC. ICS-treated patients were mostly exacerbators with chronic bronchitis 30.5%, or non-exacerbators 27.1%, or ACOS totaled 27.1%, while non-ICS treated were predominantly non-exacerbator types (71.5%). In terms of GOLD 2019 groups, ICS treated patients were mostly classified as group B (51.3%) or group D (40.7%), while non-ICS treated were mostly group B (71.8%). Exacerbations, both in the year and 2-years prior to the study visit were more frequent among those treated with ICS.

Factors significantly associated with ICS use were similar to those identified for the overall population, except for CAT which lost its statistical significance, while mMRC increased its effect size (OR = 1.43 for each grade increase, 95% CI: 1.17–1.74), and FEV1%, which was added to this model, exhibited per each 10 units decrease an OR for ICS use of 1.13 (95% CI: 1.02–1.25) (Figure 4B).

Discussion

This study describes ICS-use in a nationwide COPD cohort of patients treated within primary care in terms of prior episodes of COPD exacerbations, eosinophil levels, and patient guidelines classifications. Of the 901 patients analyzed, patient characteristics among spirometry or clinically confirmed COPD diagnosis were similar. Up to 47.9% of the patients included were treated with ICS, while only 26.6% patients experienced moderate/severe exacerbations in the previous year. Factors associated with ICS use were having a prior history of asthma, presence of moderate or severe exacerbations in the last year, and higher mMRC and CAT scores. These findings were similar among those with spirometry confirmed COPD.

ICS use within our sample was high, at 47.9%. This is in line with previous studies analyzing ICS use in primary care in different countries, in which ICS use ranged between 50% and 65% and a high overuse was noted.20–22 Prescribing ICS only when recommended is relevant to avoid the potential risk of side effects, since long-term use of ICS has showed a higher prevalence and incidence of serious side effects such as pneumonia, osteoporosis, diabetes, and others, beyond increasing healthcare expenditure among COPD patients.8,9,23

Several guidelines have recognized the need to withdraw ICS in patients without indications.10,13,24,25 However, a considerable proportion of patients continue receiving ICS despite not having a clear indication. In this sense, while treatment may have or have not been initially warranted at the time of prescription, clinicians should be reminded to review ICS use and step down unnecessary treatments, especially in patients with eosinophil counts <300 cells/µL and less than 2 exacerbations per year without hospitalizations.13

Factors associated with ICS use within our sample were a positive history of asthma, presence of moderate/severe exacerbation in the last year and increasing mMRC and CAT scores. In a previous observational study by our research group, the results were similar to those presented in OPTI: 15,440 patients were included (70% men, mean age 68.6 years), and 44.6% were prescribed ICS. The largest association with ICS prescription was asthma comorbidity (OR: 3.50; 95% CI: 3.12–3.92), followed by exacerbation history (OR: 2.23; 95% CI: 2.07–2.47). In addition, smoking status, spirometry, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis and mean age were significantly (p < 0.001) associated with ICS treatment. In the spirometry-confirmed population, asthma (OR: 2.89; 95% CI: 2.29–3.64) and exacerbations were also the major factors (OR: 2.85; 95% CI: 2.45–3.32) followed by severe bronchial-obstruction (OR: 2.63; 95% CI: 2.24–3.08). High-dose ICS prescription was mainly associated with severe obstruction (OR: 2.27; 95% CI: 1.93–2.68).23

Co-existing asthma and exacerbation history were significantly associated with ICS prescription in primary care, revealing that the majority of ICS prescriptions were in line with guideline recommendations. Most asthma-COPD overlap patients were receiving ICS prescription according to current guidelines at the time when the study was conducted. The GOLD document suggests not to use the denomination ACO and refer the possible coexistence of asthma and COPD in a given patient.6 From our results, it is clear that this coexistence is one of the most relevant factors influencing the prescription of ICS in Primary Care.26 However, a great proportion of COPD patients were still not receiving a targeted prescription of ICS according to criteria proposed in current guidelines. In this sense, future interventions are needed to improve COPD patient care and promote adequate ICS use within the primary care setting, by prompting clinical guidance and education as acknowledged by previous effective interventions within this setting.27,28

We have observed a gradient in ICS use for increasing mMRC and CAT scores. To date, current recommendations do not support using ICS to improve shortness of breath or symptom control in COPD.6–8 However, our findings emphasize poor adherence to these recommendations, and suggest that physicians could be inclined to prescribing ICS not only for prevention of exacerbations but also for symptom control. Our results concur with other recent studies that confirmed the association between symptoms and ICS prescription.29,30

Understanding the role of eosinophils in COPD has increased over the last years.31 Within our sample, blood eosinophils were not associated with ICS use, which in addition to the significant proportion of patient with missing eosinophil counts, could be suggesting a lack of awareness of the usefulness of eosinophil counts for the management of COPD within primary care. A recent meta-analysis concluded that blood eosinophil levels were a predictor of ICS response to prevent future exacerbations among COPD patients in post-hoc analyses of RCTs; however, this was not present in 4 of the 5 observational studies within the review, suggesting that in real-world clinical practice this correlation may not be so clear.32

Some limitations must be acknowledged. Some data used for this study relied on the data extracted from clinical records, which are subject to missing values and could reduce the conclusions’ validity. However, most of the variables used for this study are frequently used during real clinical practice to manage COPD patients. To this end, variables of relevance, such as specific spirometry values and blood eosinophil counts, were unavailable for some patients within the cohort. While data quality could be the underlying reason for some missing values, which has been previously noted with primary care, these measures may also represent absent measures, adding to difficulties in establishing an adequate diagnosis.33

Conclusion

Inhaled corticosteroids prescription continues to be generalized in Primary Care and higher than expected, considering treatment recommendations provided by clinical guidelines. Beyond history of asthma and exacerbations, ICS use was associated to mMRC and CAT scores, indicating that symptom control is likely to drive prescription within this setting. Better implementation of guidelines about the appropriate use of ICS in Primary Care is required.