Fine Scale Microevolutionary and Demographic Processes Shaping a Wild Metapopulation Dynamics of the South American Fruit Fly Anastrepha fraterculus.

Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedmann) is an important American pest species. Knowledge of its population dynamics is of particular interest for ecology, evolutionary biology, and management programs. In the present study, phenotypic, genotypic, and spatial data were combined, within the frame of landscape genetics, to uncover the spatial population genetic structure (SGS) and demographic processes of an Argentinian local population from the Yungas ecoregion. Eight simple sequence repeats (SSR) loci and six morphometric traits were analysed considering the hierarchical levels: tree/fruit/individual. Genetic variability estimates were high (HE = 0.72, RA = 4.39). Multivariate analyses of phenotypic data showed that in average 52.81% of variance is explained by the tree level, followed by between individuals 28.37%. Spatial analysis of morphological traits revealed a negative autocorrelation in all cases. SGS analysis and isolation by distance based on SSR showed no significant autocorrelation for molecular coancestry. The comparison between phenotypic (PST) and molecular (FST) differentiation identified positive selection in different fruits for all traits. Bayesian analysis revealed a cryptic structure within the population, with three clusters spatially separated. The results of this study showed a metapopulation dynamics. The genetic background of the components of this metapopulation is expected to change through time due to seasonality, repopulation activities, and high gene flow, with an estimated dispersal ability of at least 10 km. Effective population size (Ne) of the metapopulation was estimated in around 800 flies, and within subpopulations (clusters) Ne was associated with the levels of genetic drift experienced by the founding lineages.