Missing repeated measures data in clinical trials.

Clinical trials typically collect longitudinal data, data that are collected repeated over time, such as laboratories, scans, or patient-reported outcomes. Due to a variety of reasons, this data can be missing, whether a patient stops attending clinical visits (ie, dropout) or misses assessments intermittently. Understanding the reasons for missing data as well as predictors of missing data can aid in determination of the missing data mechanism. The analysis methods used are dependent on the missing data mechanism and may make certain assumptions about the missing data itself. Methods for nonignorable missing data, which assumes that the missing data depend on the missing data itself, make stronger assumptions and include pattern-mixture models and shared parameter models. Missing data that are ignorable after adjusting for other covariates can be analyzed using methods that adjust for covariates, such as mixed-effects models or multiple imputation. Missing data that are ignorable can be analyzed using standard approaches that require complete case data, such as change from baseline or proportion of patients who declined at a specified time point. In clinical trials, truly ignorable data are rare, resulting in additional analysis methods required for proper interpretation of the results. Conducting several analyses under different assumptions, called sensitivity analyses, can determine the extent of the impact of the missing data.