Rasoul Mirzaei1,2, Niloofar Sabokroo3, Yaghoub Ahmadyousefi4,5, Hamid Motamedi6, Sajad Karampoor7,8. 1. Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. rasul.micro92@gmail.com. 2. Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. rasul.micro92@gmail.com. 3. Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. 4. Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. 5. Research Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. 6. Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. 7. Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. sajadkarampour1987@gmail.com. 8. Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. sajadkarampour1987@gmail.com.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Biofilm is a community of bacteria embedded in an extracellular matrix, which can colonize different human cells and tissues and subvert the host immune reactions by preventing immune detection and polarizing the immune reactions towards an anti-inflammatory state, promoting the persistence of biofilm-embedded bacteria in the host. MAIN BODY OF THE MANUSCRIPT: It is now well established that the function of immune cells is ultimately mediated by cellular metabolism. The immune cells are stimulated to regulate their immune functions upon sensing danger signals. Recent studies have determined that immune cells often display distinct metabolic alterations that impair their immune responses when triggered. Such metabolic reprogramming and its physiological implications are well established in cancer situations. In bacterial infections, immuno-metabolic evaluations have primarily focused on macrophages and neutrophils in the planktonic growth mode. CONCLUSION: Based on differences in inflammatory reactions of macrophages and neutrophils in planktonic- versus biofilm-associated bacterial infections, studies must also consider the metabolic functions of immune cells against biofilm infections. The profound characterization of the metabolic and immune cell reactions could offer exciting novel targets for antibiofilm therapy.
BACKGROUND: Biofilm is a community of bacteria embedded in an extracellular matrix, which can colonize different human cells and tissues and subvert the host immune reactions by preventing immune detection and polarizing the immune reactions towards an anti-inflammatory state, promoting the persistence of biofilm-embedded bacteria in the host. MAIN BODY OF THE MANUSCRIPT: It is now well established that the function of immune cells is ultimately mediated by cellular metabolism. The immune cells are stimulated to regulate their immune functions upon sensing danger signals. Recent studies have determined that immune cells often display distinct metabolic alterations that impair their immune responses when triggered. Such metabolic reprogramming and its physiological implications are well established in cancer situations. In bacterial infections, immuno-metabolic evaluations have primarily focused on macrophages and neutrophils in the planktonic growth mode. CONCLUSION: Based on differences in inflammatory reactions of macrophages and neutrophils in planktonic- versus biofilm-associated bacterial infections, studies must also consider the metabolic functions of immune cells against biofilm infections. The profound characterization of the metabolic and immune cell reactions could offer exciting novel targets for antibiofilm therapy.
Authors: Stefanie K Wculek; Francisco J Cueto; Adriana M Mujal; Ignacio Melero; Matthew F Krummel; David Sancho Journal: Nat Rev Immunol Date: 2019-08-29 Impact factor: 53.106
Authors: Tyler D Scherr; Christelle M Roux; Mark L Hanke; Amanda Angle; Paul M Dunman; Tammy Kielian Journal: Infect Immun Date: 2013-09-16 Impact factor: 3.441
Authors: Mohammad Rudiansyah; Saade Abdalkareem Jasim; Zeinab Gol Mohammad Pour; Sara Sohrabi Athar; Ali Salimi Jeda; Rumi Iqbal Doewes; Abduladheem Turki Jalil; D O Bokov; Yasser Fakri Mustafa; Mina Noroozbeygi; Sajad Karampoor; Rasoul Mirzaei Journal: J Med Virol Date: 2022-06-20 Impact factor: 20.693