The role of the WNT signaling pathway in the maxillary sinus squamous cell carcinoma.

Paranasal sinus tumors are a rare type of cancer. Most of these tumors are of epithelial origin and 80% of them are maxillary sinus squamous cell carcinoma. The WNT signaling pathway is an essential embryonic regulatory pathway known to play an important role in many cancers, including head and neck cancers. However, the effect of this pathway in maxillary sinus tumors has not been studied before. The aim of the study was to determine the changes in the regulatory genes of the WNT signaling pathway in maxillary sinus tumors. For this purpose, total RNA was isolated from the pathological preparations of 85 patients who had previously been operated on for squamous cell maxillary sinus tumor, and gene expression changes were evaluated by real-time RT-qPCR. The interactions among proteins encoded by genes, whose expression levels were found to be decreased and increased, were determined by protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis using string database, and signaling pathways that they are involved in were examined by Reactome database. A significant decrease in the expression of 28 genes compared to the control (fold change < 2.00 and p-value < 0.05) and a significant increase in the expression of 23 genes (fold change < 2.00 and p-value < 0.05) were detected. According to in silico analysis results, Signal Transduction (REACTOME:R-HSA-162582) and Signaling by WNT (REACTOME:R-HSA-195721) pathways were determined as most regulated pathways and FZD4-LRP5 and BCL9-CTNNB1 were determined as the strongest interactions. The current study contributes to illuminating the genetic regulation of maxillary sinus carcinoma in which genetic knowledge is limited. Our findings take attention to the dysregulations of the WNT signaling pathway that may support maxillary sinus carcinogenesis. The results will pave the way for further studies that investigate the therapy target potential of the WNT signaling pathway in this rare cancer.