The basis of molecular diagnostics for piroplasmids: Do the sequences lie?

Molecular biology has revolutionized all aspects of biological research including diagnostics, taxonomy, and systematics. Even so, the critique that molecular methods cannot truly confirm the presence of parasites, or identify new species remains prevalent and arguably relevant. The current review considers the ability of molecular diagnostic methods to detect parasites and the relevance of molecular sequences to identify species and attempt to answer the question of whether molecular data ever lie. It shows that well-validated molecular assays should be able to accurately confirm the presence of parasites in a host or vector species, while well-selected sequences should conclusively identify existing or new species. It addresses pitfalls in the use of molecular techniques and how these can be avoided. It also considers the self-correcting nature of science and the caveat that a scientist should use all tools at their disposal to uncover the mysteries of nature.