Benson S Ku1, Jean Addington2, Carrie E Bearden3, Kristin S Cadenhead4, Tyrone D Cannon5, Michael T Compton6, Barbara A Cornblatt7, Benjamin G Druss8, Matcheri Keshavan9, Daniel H Mathalon10, Diana O Perkins11, William S Stone9, Ming T Tsuang4, Scott W Woods12, Elaine F Walker13. 1. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States. Electronic address: Bsku@emory.edu. 2. Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. 3. Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States. 4. Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States. 5. Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States. 6. Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States. 7. Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States. 8. Department of Health Policy and Management, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States. 9. Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States. 10. Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States. 11. Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States. 12. Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States. 13. Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Area-level residential instability (ARI), an index of social fragmentation, has been shown to explain the association between urbanicity and psychosis. Urban upbringing has been shown to be associated with reduced gray matter volumes (GMV)s of brain regions corresponding to the right caudal middle frontal gyrus (CMFG) and rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC). We hypothesize that greater ARI will be associated with reduced right CMFG and rACC GMVs. METHODS: Data were collected at baseline as part of the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study Phase 2. Counties where participants resided during childhood were geographically coded using the US Census to area-level factors. ARI was defined as the percentage of residents living in a different house 5 years ago. Generalized linear mixed models tested associations between ARI and GMVs. RESULTS: This study included 29 healthy controls (HC)s and 64 clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR-P) individuals who were aged 12 to 24 years, had remained in their baseline residential area, and had magnetic resonance imaging scans. ARI was associated with reduced right CMFG (adjusted β = -0.258; 95% CI = -0.502 to -0.015) and right rACC volumes (adjusted β = -0.318; 95% CI = -0.612 to -0.023). The interaction term (ARI-by-diagnostic group) in the prediction of both brain regions was not significant, indicating that the relationships between ARI and regional brain volumes held for both CHR-P and HCs. CONCLUSIONS: ARI may adversely impact similar brain regions as urban upbringing. Further investigation into the potential mechanisms of the relationship between ARI and neurobiology, including social stress, is needed.
INTRODUCTION: Area-level residential instability (ARI), an index of social fragmentation, has been shown to explain the association between urbanicity and psychosis. Urban upbringing has been shown to be associated with reduced gray matter volumes (GMV)s of brain regions corresponding to the right caudal middle frontal gyrus (CMFG) and rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC). We hypothesize that greater ARI will be associated with reduced right CMFG and rACC GMVs. METHODS: Data were collected at baseline as part of the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study Phase 2. Counties where participants resided during childhood were geographically coded using the US Census to area-level factors. ARI was defined as the percentage of residents living in a different house 5 years ago. Generalized linear mixed models tested associations between ARI and GMVs. RESULTS: This study included 29 healthy controls (HC)s and 64 clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR-P) individuals who were aged 12 to 24 years, had remained in their baseline residential area, and had magnetic resonance imaging scans. ARI was associated with reduced right CMFG (adjusted β = -0.258; 95% CI = -0.502 to -0.015) and right rACC volumes (adjusted β = -0.318; 95% CI = -0.612 to -0.023). The interaction term (ARI-by-diagnostic group) in the prediction of both brain regions was not significant, indicating that the relationships between ARI and regional brain volumes held for both CHR-P and HCs. CONCLUSIONS: ARI may adversely impact similar brain regions as urban upbringing. Further investigation into the potential mechanisms of the relationship between ARI and neurobiology, including social stress, is needed.
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