Value of the controlling nutritional status score and psoas muscle thickness per height in predicting prognosis in liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Patients with end-stage liver disease usually have varying degrees of malnutrition, and severe malnutrition may affect the prognosis of patients after liver transplantation (LT). However, there is no recommended standard for the nutrition assessment of patients waiting for LT, and it is unknown whether malnutrition has an impact on the occurrence of postoperative complications. AIM: The study aim was to investigate the value of the controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score and psoas muscle thickness per height (PMTH) in predicting prognosis in LT.
METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 313 patients who underwent classic orthotopic LT from January 2016 to December 2018 in Tianjin First Central Hospital affiliated with Tianjin Medical University. The CONUT score is derived from the preoperative serum albumin and total cholesterol levels, and total lymphocyte count. Patients were divided into low (≤ 4), medium (5-8), and high (9-12) CONUT score groups perioperative characteristics, Clavien-Dindo grade III/IV/V postoperative complications, graft loss and infection, and cumulative postoperative survival in the three groups were compared 3 mo after LT. PMTH was calculated as the ratio of the transverse thickness of the psoas muscle in the umbilical plane to the height of the patient. The cutoff values of receiver operating characteristic curves were determined separately for men and women. The values were 14.1 cm/m2 for women and 17.9 cm/m2 for men. The patients were then divided into low and high PMTH groups by the cutoff values. The comparison of data between the two groups was the same as above.
RESULTS: Patients with medium and high CONUT scores had lower preoperative serum hemoglobin, more intraoperative red blood cell (RBC) transfusions, longer postoperative intensive care unit stay and hospital stays, higher 7 and 14 preoperative-day serum bilirubin levels, and a higher incidence of postoperative grade III/IV complications and infections than patients with low CONUT scores. Differences in the 3-mo cumulative survival among the three groups were not significant. Patients with a low PMTH had higher preoperative serum urea nitrogen, more intraoperative packed RBC and frozen plasma transfusions, longer times to postoperative ventilator extubation, higher incidence of total postoperative complications, and a lower 3-mo cumulative survival than those with a high PMTH.
CONCLUSION: A CONUT score ≥ 5 and a low PMTH were both associated with poor prognosis in LT. The CONUT score had no predictive value for short-term patient survival after LT, but the PMTH was predictive of short-term patient survival after LT. ©The Author(s) 2021. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

Core Tip: This retrospective study analyzed the short-term prognosis after liver transplantation (LT) using two nutrition assessment tools, the controlling nutritional status score and psoas muscle thickness per height. Both had predictive value for prognosis in LT.

INTRODUCTION

Previous studies have demonstrated that malnutrition is an independent predictor of death in patients with end-stage liver disease[1], indicating that nutrition levels are important for the progression of disease. The incidence of malnutrition in patients undergoing liver transplantation (LT) for end-stage liver disease can be as high as 50%-90%, and malnutrition can lead to a poor prognosis[2]. At present, there are no uniform nutritional assessments for patients awaiting LT. To better evaluate the nutritional status of patients with liver diseases and explore the relationship between malnutrition and complications after LT, we analyzed the controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score and psoas muscle thickness per height (PMTH) in LT patients.

The CONUT score has been used to assess patient nutritional status by considering nutritional-related indicators, including serum albumin, serum total cholesterol, and total lymphocyte count[3]. The CONUT score has been verified and used as an independent risk factor for death to predict the prognosis of patients with rectal and stomach cancer[4,5]. The PMTH is defined as the ratio of the transverse thickness of the psoas muscle to the height of the patient at the umbilical level. It requires no additional tools and is relatively easy to calculate[6]. The PMTH has been used to diagnose sarcopenia, which is an important manifestation of malnutrition[7], and to predict mortality in patients with cirrhosis on waiting lists[8]. In this study, we explored the role of the CONUT score and PMTH in predicting prognosis in LT patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 313 patients seen from January 2016 to December 2018 at the Tianjin First Central Hospital Affiliated with Tianjin Medical University were included. Patients eligible for inclusion were: (1) 18-65 years of age with orthotopic LT for the first time; (2) With graft livers obtained from a postmortem donation; (3) With hepatocellular carcinoma meeting the UCSF criteria[9] (i.e. solitary tumors ≤ 6.5 cm or ≤ 3 nodules with the largest lesion ≤ 4.5 cm and total tumor diameter ≤ 8 cm); (4) With cirrhosis diagnosed by liver biopsy or imaging including B-ultrasonography, liver stiffness measurement, or abdominal computed tomography (CT); and (5) With acute liver failure diagnosed by evidence of coagulation abnormality [international normalized ratio (INR) > 1.5] and any degree of mental alteration (encephalopathy) in a patient without preexisting cirrhosis and with an illness of < 26 wk duration[10].

Patients (1) undergoing retransplantation, salvage LT or multiple organ transplantation; (2) with preoperative severe pneumonia; (3) with preoperative cardiac cerebrovascular disease; and (4) undergoing LT from marginal donors such as elderly liver donors > 65 years of age, fatty liver donors, split liver transplant donors, hepatitis B or hepatitis C donors, unstable hemodynamic donors, and donors with potential infection were excluded.

Grouping was based on the CONUT score, which was calculated from the last postoperative tests, obtained within 3 d before LT, and including albumin ≥ 35.0 g/L, score 0; 30.0-34.9 g/L, score 2; 25.0-29.9 g/L, score 4, < 25.0 g/L, score 6; total cholesterol ≥ 180 mg/dL, score 0; 140-179 mg/dL, score 1; 100-139 mg/dL, score 2; < 100 mg/dL, score 3; total lymphocytes ≥ 1600/mm3, score 0; 1200-1599/mm3, score 1; 800-1199/mm3, score 2; < 800/mm3, score 3[11]. Patients were divided into low, medium, and high CONUT score groups by low scores of ≤ 4, medium scores of 5–8, and high scores of 9–12). A total of 281 patients were eligible, but 32 were excluded because of a lack of serum total cholesterol.

For measurement, calculation, and grouping by PMTH, patients were routinely examined by abdominal CT within 2 mo of LT with a GE revolution CT 64-slice scanner. PMTH was defined as the ratio of the transverse thickness of the psoas muscle in the umbilical plane to the height of the patient. The transverse thickness of the right psoas muscle at the umbilical level was measured on CT images perpendicular to the axial diameter, and the axial psoas thickness was the maximum diameter of the psoas in the axial view (Figure 1). Because it has been reported that the PMTH is correlated with the sex and mortality of cirrhosis patients[6], receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated for men and women according to postoperative patient mortality. PMTH cutoff values were determined by the optimal Youden index. Patients were divided into high PMTH and a low PMTH groups. A total of 254 patients were eligible, but 59 who lacked CT scans obtained within 2 mo of LT were excluded from the analysis.

Figure 1

Measurement of psoas muscle thickness/height at the level of the umbilicus on a computed tomography scan image. Psoas muscle thickness corresponds to the diameter of transversal psoas muscle (yellow arrow) perpendicular to the axial diameter (black arrow).

Perioperative indicators included patient age, sex, body mass index (BMI), preoperative model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score, urea nitrogen (BUN), hemoglobin, albumin, white blood cell (WBC) count, platelet (PLT) count, total cholesterol, total lymphocyte count, receipt of intraoperative packed red blood cell (RBC) or frozen plasma transfusion, intraoperative blood loss, anhepatic phase and operation time, postoperative ventilator extubation time, length of intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital stays, postoperative serum total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase, creatinine, and BUN on postoperative days 7 and 14.

Postoperative Clavien-Dindo complications of grade III and greater severity were collected[12]: Grade III complications require surgical, endoscopic, or radiological intervention, grade IV complications are life-threatening and require ICU management, including single and multiorgan dysfunction, and grade V complications are fatal. Grade III included vascular complications such as portal vein stenosis, thrombosis, hepatic artery thrombosis, splenorenal shunt, and splenic arterial steal syndrome; biliary complications such as bile leakage, bile drainage obstruction, and bile duct stenosis. Other complications include retransplantation, pleural effusion requiring thoracentesis, peritoneal effusion requiring abdominocentesis, abdominal bleeding, placement of a drainage tube at the site of T-tube outlet leakage, and nasointestinal tube insertion, etc. Grade IV complications included respiratory, heart, liver, and renal failure, requiring treatment tracheotomy, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, artificial extracorporeal liver support and hemodialysis. Grade V complications were those causing death, including septic shock, hemorrhagic shock, heart failure, liver failure, renal failure, and intracranial hemorrhage. Graft loss and infection were observed; the diagnosis of infection was made following infection diagnosis guidelines[13], and the patients were followed up for 3 mo.

Statistical methods

The statistical analysis were performed with SPSS 20.0. Normally distributed data were reported as means ± SD, and the independent sample t-test was used for intergroup comparisons. Data that did not have a normal distribution were reported as medians and quartiles, and the Mann-Whitney U or Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for intergroup comparisons. Classification data were reported as numbers and percentages (%), and χ2 or Fisher’s exact tests were used for intergroup comparisons. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to find the optimal values of the PMTH. Survival rates were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. P < 0.05 indicated statistical significance for all tests.

RESULTS

Grouping by the CONUT score resulted in 65 low-score, 173 medium-score, and 43 high-score patients (Tables 1 and 2). Comparison of the perioperative data found that patients in medium and high CONUT score groups had lower serum hemoglobin levels, more intraoperative RBC transfusions, longer ICU and hospital times and higher serum bilirubin levels on postoperative days 7 and 14 than patients in the low-score group. No differences were observed between the medium- and high-score groups (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in sex, age, BMI, MELD score, etiology, serum BUN level, WBC and PLT counts, anhepatic phase, operation time, postoperative ventilator extubation time, or postoperative serum AST or Cr levels on the postoperative days 7 and 14 among the three groups (P > 0.05).

Table 1

Relationship between the controlling nutritional status score and general patient clinical data

Group	Low CONUT	Medium CONUT	High CONUT	P value
Age	49.7 ± 9.9	50.2 ± 9.8	46.6 ± 10.1	0.102
Sex (M:F)	48:17	128:45	34:9	0.801
BMI (kg/m2)	23.5 (21.2-25.4)	23.7 (21.6-27.0)	24.3 (21.8-28.0)	0.515
MELD score	14 (10-20)	15 (10-21)	18 (13-21)	0.155
Etiology				0.386
HBV (n)	42	90	22
HCV (n)	1	2	0
Alcohol (n)	4	20	5
NASHE(n)	4	10	2
Autoimmune diseases (n)	8	23	11
Cryptogenic (n)	1	2	1
Other (n)	4	26	3

BMI: Body mass index; CONUT: Controlling nutritional status; F: Female; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; M: Male; MELD: Model for end-stage liver disease; NASH: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

Table 2

Relationship between the controlling nutritional status score and general patient laboratory data

Group	Low CONUT	Medium CONUT	High CONUT	P value
HB (g/L)	122.6 ± 25.5	96.8 ± 26.52	89.2 ± 17.9	< 0.001a; < 0.001b; 0.074c
WBC (cells/mm3)	4.95 (3.24-6.54)	4.63 (3.43-6.94)	4.8 ± 3.3	0.101
PLT (cells/mm3)	113.0 (58.0-116.5)	105.0 (46.5-166.0)	111.1 ± 79.1	0.493
Albumen (g/L)	38.8 ± 4.53	31.8 (29.0-34.4)	26.34 ± 2.65	< 0.001a; < 0.001b; < 0.001c
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	148.08 (117.75-178.81)	102.67 (81.39-113.68)	80.7 ± 29.81	< 0.001a; < 0.001b; < 0.001c
Total lymphocytes (cells/mm3)	1190 (860-1730)	700 (440-1170)	530(380-770)	< 0.001a; < 0.001b; < 0.001c
Intraoperative data
Packed red cell transfusion (units)	6.0 (4.0-10.0)	10.0 (8.0-12.0)	10.0 (8.0-16.0)	< 0.001a; < 0.001b; 0.158c
Frozen plasma transfusion (mL)	1800.0 (1000.0-2100.0)	2000.0 (1600.0-2000.0)	2078.6 ± 638.4	0.180a; 0.018b; 0.319c
Blood loss (mL)	1600.0 (800.0-2000.0)	2000.0 (1500.0-2400.0)	2000.0 (1500.0-2400.0)	0.069a; 0.004b; 1.00c
Anhepatic phase (min)	42.0 (40.0-50.0)	45.0 (37.0-50.0)	45.0 ± 11.4	0.849
Operation time (h)	7.5 (6.7-8.3)	7.5 (7.0-8.4)	7.5 (6.6-9.0)	0.542
Postoperative data
Time of ventilator extubation (h)	6.0 (4.0-9.0)	10.5 (5.0-31.4)	6.5 (3.5-24.0)	0.237
ICU stay (d)	3.0 (2.0-4.0)	4.0 (3.0-4.9)	3.0 (3.0-4.96)	< 0.001a; 0.049b; 1.00c
hospital stay (d)	25.0 (21.0-30.0)	35.0 (26.0-37.3)	33.0 (27.0-38.0)	< 0.001a; < 0.001b; 0.94c
Day 7 TBil (μmol/L)	30.0 (18.09-43.5)	48.0 (27.5-75.5)	55.6± 37.9	0.21a; 0.01b; 1.00c
Day 14 TBil (µmol/L)	19.0 (13.25-32.0)	33.0 (19.0-51.9)	42.0 (22.0-72.0)	0.01a; < 0.001b; 1.00c
Day 7 AST (U/L)	27.0 (19.5-35.8)	24.0 (15.5-39.1)	26.3 ± 16.5	0.180
Day 14 AST (U/L)	25.0 (20.1-38.0)	26.0 (18-0-39.5)	26.0 (17.0-40.0)	0.809
Day 7 ALT (U/L)	79.0 (56.5-104.0)	65.0 (39.0-97.5)	57.0 (34.0-93.0)	0.685a; 0.019b; 0.069c
Day 14 ALT (U/L)	61.0 (35.0-81.5)	47.0 (32.5-72.3)	43.0 (21.0-70.0)	0.153
Day 7 INR	1.31 (1.14-1.47)	1.30 (1.15-1.51)	1.27 (1.15-1.34)	0.719
Day 14 INR	1.26 (1.08-1.27)	1.34 (1.15-1.51)	1.34 (1.13-1.71)	0.499
Day 7 Cr (μmol/L)	55.0 (46.2-63.0)	62.0 (49.0-80.5)	57.0 (40.0-71.0)	0.097
Day 14 Cr (μmol/L)	58.0 (45.5-68.0)	62.0 (49.0-73.5)	59.1 ± 23.4	0.161
Day 7 BUN (mmol/L)	7.71 (5.04-9.45)	8.2 (6.1-11.5)	7.5 (5.8-10.7)	0.71
Day 14 BUN (mmol/L)	5.28(4.30-6.75)	7.13 (5.20-9.52)	6.0 (4.6-8.9)	0.13a; 0.01b; 0.796c

Low controlling nutritional status (CONUT) and medium CONUT group.

Low CONUT and high CONUT group.

Medium CONUT group and high CONUT group. ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; CONUT: Controlling nutritional status; Cr: Creatinine; HB: Hemoglobin; ICU: Intensive care unit; INR: International normalized ratio; PLT: Platelet; TBil: Total bilirubin; WBC: White blood cell.

Comparison of the incidence of complications in the three groups (Table 3) found that patients in the low-score group had a lower incidence of grade III/IV/V complications and infections than patients in the medium- and high-score groups (grade III, 12.3% vs 35.3% vs 44.2%; grade IV, 1.5% vs 9.2% vs 11.6%; grade V, 1.5% vs 9.8% vs 7.0%; and infections, 26.1% vs 47.4% vs 58.1%, all P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed between the medium- and high-score groups (P > 0.05). There were no significant differences in graft loss among the three groups (P = 1.000).

Table 3

Relationship between controlling nutritional status score and postoperative complications

Group	Low CONUT	Medium CONUT	High CONUT	P value
Cases	65	173	43
Grade III complications	8 (12.3)	61 (35.3)	19 (44.2)	< 0.01a; 0.01b; 0.278c
Grade IV complications	1 (1.5)	16 (9.2)	5 (11.6)	0.04a; 0.025b; 0.054c
Grade V complications	1 (1.5)	17 (9.8)	3 (7.0)	0.031a; 0.143b; 0.564c
Graft loss	1 (1.5)	4(2.3)	1 (2.3)	1.000
Infections	17 (26.1)	82 (47.4)	25 (58.1)	0.03a; 0.01b; 0.207c

Low controlling nutritional status (CONUT) and medium CONUT group.

Low CONUT and high CONUT group.

Medium CONUT group and high CONUT group. CONUT: Controlling nutritional status.

Cumulative 3-mo survival rates at postoperative month 3 were 98.5%, 90.2%, and 93% in the low-, medium-, and high-score groups, respectively. No significant differences were observed among the three groups (P > 0.05, 95%CI: 0.831-0.873).

The PMTH of male patients was 20.11 ± 3.68 cm/m2, and the AUC of the ROC curve for male patients (Figure 2A) was 0.703 (P = 0.02, 95%CI: 0.633-0.767). The optimal Youden index was 0.387, and the cutoff point was 17.9 cm/m2. The male high PMTH group consisted of 127 male patients with scores higher than 17.9 cm/m2 and the male low PMTH group consisted of 63 patients with scores lower than 17.9 cm/m2. The AUC of the ROC curve for female patients was 0.753 (P = 0.009, 95%CI: 0.629-0.852), the optimal Youden index was 0.609, and the cutoff point was 14.1 cm/m2. The female high PMTH group consisted of 46 patients with scores higher than 14.1 cm/m2, and the low PMTH group consisted of 18 female patients with scores lower than 14.1 cm/m2 (n = 18). Overall, there were 173 patients in the high PMTH group and 81 patients in the low PMTH group. Comparison of the perioperative data of the two PMTH groups (Tables 4 and 5) found that the patients in the low PMTH group had lower serum BUN levels, more intraoperative RBC and frozen fresh plasma transfusions, and longer ventilator extubation times than those in the high PMTH group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in sex, age, preoperative BMI, MELD score, serum hemoglobin, total cholesterol, total lymphocyte count, WBC or PLT count, intraoperative blood loss, anhepatic phase, operation time, length of postoperative ICU stay or hospital stay, postoperative serum bilirubin, Cr, BUN, or INR on days 7 and 14 between the two groups (P > 0.05).

Figure 2

Receiver operating characteristic curves. A: Male death-risk prediction model; B: Female death-risk prediction model. AUC: Area under the curve.

Table 4

Relationship between psoas muscle thickness/height and general patient clinical data

Group	Low PMTH	High PMTH	P value
Cases	81	173
Age (yr)	50.6 ± 9.8	50.7 ± 8.8	0.765
Sex (M:F)	63:18	127:46	0.455
BMI (kg/m2)	23.0 (20.9-26.0)	24.1 (21.8-26.4)	0.069
MELD score	16 (11-21.5)	14 (10-20)	0.237
Etiology			0.712
HBV (n)	41	99
HCV (n)	2	3
Alcohol (n)	11	14
NASH (n)	5	10
Autoimmune disease (n)	10	18
Cryptogenic (n)	0	3
Other (n)	12	26

BMI: Body mass index; F: Female; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; M: Male; MELD: Model for end-stage liver disease; NASH: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. PMTH: Psoas muscle thickness per height.

Table 5

Relationship between psoas muscle thickness per height and general patient laboratory data

Group	Low PMTH	High PMTH	P value
BUN (mmol/L)	5.98 (4.06-10.22)	4.64 (3.52-6.03)	0.001
HB (g/L)	97.22 ± 21.84	102.77 ± 23.35	0.085
WBC (cells/mm3)	5.14 (3.71-8.26)	4.73 (3.14-6.22)	0.066
PLT (cells/mm3)	120.0 (55.5-171.5)	112.0 (51.0-161.0)	0.505
Album (g/L)	33.6 ± 6.1	37.1 ± 5.6	0.067
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	1050.2 ± 520.4	1010.1 ± 550.9	0.624
Total lymphocytes (cells/mm3)	820 (510-1320)	720 (490-1000)	0.124
Intraoperativedata
Packed red cell transfusion (units)	10.0 (8.0-12.0)	8.0 (6.0-10.0)	0.003
Frozen fresh;plasm transfusion (mL)	2000.0 (1800.0-2350.0)	1800.0 (1400.0-2000.0)	0.001
Blood loss (mL)	2000 (1500-2350.0)	1900.0 (1500.0-2000.0)	0.180
Anhepatic phase (min)	45 (35.5-50)	45.0 (40.0-50.0)	0.932
Operation time (h)	7.75 (7.0-8.6)	7.5 (7.0-8.5)	0.649
Postoperative data
Time of ventilatorextubation (h)	7.0 (4.0-32.5)	6.0 (4.0-12.5)	0.043
ICU stay (d)	4.0 (2.5-4.7)	3.0 (2.0-4.0)	0.113
Hospital stay (d)	29.0 (23.0-31.5)	28.0 (23.0-35.7)	0.968
Day 7 TBil (μmol/L)	41.0 (20.0-63.7)	37.0 (24.3-62.0)	0.774
Day 14 TBil (μmol/L)	29.0 (16.0-43.9)	27.1 (16.9-44.5)	0.998
Day 7 AST (U/L)	18.0 (13.5-32.5)	25.0 (17.1-38.0)	0.005
Day 14 AST(U/L)	24.0 (16.0-27.0)	28.0 (19.0-42.5)	0.008
Day 7 ALT (U/L)	55.0 (32.5-83.5)	74.0 (48.5-102.5)	0.002
Day 14 ALT (U/L)	41.0 (26.0-48.5)	57.0 (34.0-88.6)	0.001
Day 7 INR	1.28 (1.15-1.49)	1.24 (1.13-1.43)	0.291
Day 14 INR	1.29 (1.13-1.29)	1.31 (1.12-1.51)	0.891
Day 7 Cr (μmol/L)	57.0 (50.3-67.8)	60.0 (50.5-73.0)	0.196
Day 14 Cr (μmol/L)	61.0 (48.5-69.0)	60.0 (48.0-75.0)	0.982
Day 7 BUN (mmol/L)	8.47 (5.95-11.4)	7.83 (6.05-10.41)	0.264
Day 14 BUN (mmol/L)	7.2 (4.9-9.0)	6.04 (4.75-8.15)	0.203

ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen. Cr: Creatinine; HB: Hemoglobin; ICU: Intensive care unit; INR: International normalized ratio; PLT: Platelet; PMTH: Psoas muscle thickness per height; TBil: Total bilirubin; WBC: White blood cell.

Comparison of the incidence of complications between the two PMTH groups (Table 6) found that the incidence of grade V and total complications in the low PMTH group was higher than that in the high PMTH group (grade V complications, 17.3% vs 2.9%, P < 0.001 and total complications, 58.0% vs 34.7%, P = 0.001). There were no significant differences between the low- and high PMTH groups in the incidence of grade III/IV complications or infection (grade III, 30.9% vs 24.9% and P = 0.313; grade IV, 9.9% vs 6.9%, P = 0.630; and infection, 44.4% vs 37.6%, P = 0.297). There were no significant differences in graft loss between the two groups (P = 1.000).

Table 6

Relationship between psoas muscle thickness/height and postoperative complications

Group	Low PMTH	High PMTH	P value
Cases	81	173
Grade III complications	25 (30.9)	43 (24.9)	0.313
Grade IV complications	8 (9.9)	12 (6.9)	0.630
Grade V complications	14 (17.3)	5 (2.9)	< 0.001
Total complications	47 (58.0)	60 (34.7)	0.001
Graft loss	2 (2.5)	3 (1.7)	1.000
Infection	36 (44.4)	65 (37.6)	0.297

PMTH: Psoas muscle thickness per height.

The 3-mo postoperative cumulative survival (Figure 3) was lower in the low PMTH group (82.7%) than in the high PMTH group (97.1%; P < 0.001, 95%CI: 0.830-0.875).

Figure 3

Kaplan-Meier curve of 3-mo postoperative survival. PMTH: Psoas muscle thickness per height.

DISCUSSION

There are many nutritional assessments for liver cirrhosis patients, including BMI, Nutrition Risk Screening 2002 (NRS 2002), the Royal Free Hospital Nutritional Prioritizing Tool (RFH-NPT), upper arm circumference, the laboratory-related index, and muscle mass. BMI is thought to lack accuracy for LT patients because patients with end-stage liver disease usually have varying degrees of ascites that results in weight measurements that do not accurately reflect their nutritional status. In addition, some patients lack accurate weight data before surgery because of a long-term bedridden status. NRS 2002 and the RFH-NPT require assessment of body weight changes and food intake over a long period[14,15]. For patients with poor compliance, accurate data might be difficult to obtain, and some patients require emergency LT because of the severity of their condition, leading to difficulty in completing long-term monitoring. Upper arm circumference is an objective nutritional assessment index that cannot be affected by ascites and peripheral edema. It has been recommended as a screening index for chronic liver disease[16]. However, it is not included in routine preoperative examinations for LT at our center, and there may be some errors that result from variability among those who measure the arm circumference. Therefore, the CONUT score and muscle mass, as objective and convenient assessments, were used to predict the prognosis of LT patients.

The CONUT score is calculated from three indices, albumin, total cholesterol and total lymphocyte count, and represents the energy reserve and immune status of the body. The study results showed that patients with the medium and high CONUT scores had more intraoperative RBC transfusions than those with low CONUT scores, but the operation time and anhepatic period were not significantly different among the three groups, which may be related to anemia before surgery. Anemia is a surrogate marker for hypersplenism, portal hypertension, and malnutrition in cirrhosis patients because an enlarged spleen inactivates RBCs, and esophageal varicose veins caused by portal hypertension lead to upper digestive bleeding. In addition, long-term loss of appetite and protein malabsorption lead to nutritional anemia. Hypersplenism, portal hypertension and malnutrition gradually aggravate anemia as the disease develops. Patients with medium and high CONUT scores had higher postoperative day 7 and day 14 bilirubin and BUN levels. The increase in bilirubin may be highly correlated with postoperative complications, and the high BUN may have been associated with postoperative short-term fasting, which leads to hypercatabolism in patients. Low lymphocyte counts might have been associated with chronic hepatitis B and C virus infections and immune system disorders caused by autoimmune hepatitis, which lead to decreased immunity and increased susceptibility to pneumonia and infection. Enzymes for the synthesis of cholesterol are reduced because of impaired liver function in patients with end-stage liver disease, which leads to a decrease in cholesterol. Cholesterol is a major component of cell membranes and is closely related to cell surface molecules and structural functions and is also a required for the synthesis of steroid hormones[17]. Cholesterol reduction may affect the repair function of cells and the stability of the internal environment, which can lead to some complications.

The pathogenesis of sarcopenia in patients with end-stage liver disease is complex and associated with inadequate intake, changes in energy metabolism, chronic inflammation, hyperammonemia, insulin resistance, and so on. Hyperammonemia and portosystemic shunts can occur in patients with end-stage liver disease, and hyperammonemia can upregulate myostatin, which inhibits protein synthesis and muscle regeneration. Hyperammonemia also promotes oxidative stress and damages mitochondrial function, resulting in impaired protein synthesis[18]. In addition, patients with end-stage liver disease often have insulin resistance, especially in the context of metabolic-related fatty liver disease, leading to reduced muscle protein synthesis and increased catabolism[2]. In patients with end-stage liver disease, the body is in a proinflammatory state, with elevated levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor, which activate the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, leading to increased autophagy of skeletal muscle cells and a significant reduction in muscle mass and strength[19]. Measurement of the skeletal muscle of the whole body is the gold standard for diagnosing sarcopenia, but because of the complexity of the measurement, the skeletal muscle at the level of the third lumbar spine or the skeletal muscle index (SMI) is commonly used to reflect the skeletal muscle content instead and is calculated by software[20]. Compared with measurement of the SMI, measurement of the PMTH only requires the transverse thickness of the right psoas at the umbilical plane on CT images. Some studies have shown that the PMTH is highly correlated with the SMI and is an independent risk factor for mortality in patients with cirrhosis. The transverse thickness of the psoas muscle is also correlated with sex, age, and ethnicity. Therefore, PMTH cutoff values of less than 17.9 cm/m2 for male patients and PMTH less than 14.1 cm/m2 for female patients were obtained using the study data and were for the diagnosis of sarcopenia. Patients with a low PMTH had a higher preoperative BUN than patients with a high PMTH, which may be related to skeletal muscle loss and protein metabolism imbalance. Patients with a low PMTH had an increased incidence of postoperative complications. Because patients with sarcopenia have low preoperative protein storage, it is difficult to provide sufficient amino acids for the human body, which leads to a deficiency of amino acids in the postoperative tissue recovery stage, and injuries remain unhealed[21]. Additionally, L-glutamine released by skeletal muscle can activate lymphocytes to strengthen the immune system of muscle, and its reduction leads to a weak immune system[22]. Meanwhile, the patient’s respiratory muscle volume is reduced, which may cause postoperative respiratory failure and septic shock. It was found that patients with a low PMTH need a much longer ventilator extubation time.

Many studies have shown an association between sarcopenia and recipient mortality. The CONUT score predicts mortality after hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma[4]. However, our data is consistent with a previous study showing that the CONUT score did not predict mortality after LT[23]. We think the inconsistent results can be explained by a lack of improvement in some nutrition-related indices after LT, especially an elevation of albumin. The most severe complications (i.e. death) are avoided, but sarcopenia in not improved in the short term.

The two tools used in this study are convenient to use and intuitive for predicting the prognosis of LT. Both have been used in various clinical studies, and the indices considered by the two tools are routinely performed during clinical examinations and are available in clinical practice. As such, we think they have excellent clinical practicability.

There are some study limitations. There were few female patients (n = 64), which may have affected the accuracy of the PMTH cutoff values. The PMTH was measured on CT images taken within 2 mo of surgery; however, for patients with severe conditions, the PMTH may change rapidly, which could have affected the accuracy of measurement. Recent studies have shown that sarcopenia is associated not only with the amount of skeletal muscle but also with the quality of skeletal muscle[24], which can be measured by dual energy X-ray absorption (DEXA), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), grip strength and so on. DEXA and BIA have been used for measurement of skeletal muscle for LT recipients in several studies[3,25-26]. Unfortunately, we do not have related data; in the early stage of primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis, patients have dyslipidemia that leads to hypercholesterolemia, which then gradually decreases as the disease progresses[27,28]. That affects the CONUT score in some patients. In addition, studies have shown that patients with alcoholic cirrhosis have a higher incidence of malnutrition than patients with nonalcoholic cirrhosis[28], probably because ethanol and its metabolites may affect protein synthesis and skeletal muscle autophagy[29], but whether that leads to sarcopenia needs to be further validated by experience with additional cases.

CONCLUSION

A CONUT score ≥ 5 was associated with the incidence of grade III/IV/V complications and infection after LT. A low PMTH was associated with the incidence of total complications after LT. The CONUT score had no predictive value for short-term patient survival after LT, and the PMTH was predictive of short-term patient survival after LT.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

Research background

Patients with end-stage liver disease usually have varying degrees of malnutrition, and severe malnutrition may affect the prognosis of patients after liver transplantation (LT). However, whether malnutrition has an impact on the occurrence of postoperative complications in not known, and there is no unified standard for the nutrition assessment of patients waiting for LT. This study included 313 patients from single center in China, and statistically analyzed the predictive value of the two nutrition assessments, the controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score and psoas muscle thickness per height (PMTH) on prognosis in LT.

Research motivation

The study aimed to investigate the relationship between nutrition and prognosis of LT.

Research objectives

This study was designed to find the right nutrition assessment tools of patients waiting for LT and investigate the predictive value of tools on prognosis in LT.

Research methods

This was a retrospective study that included 313 patients from a single center undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. Patients were divided into two or three groups, independent sample t tests, Mann-Whitney U or Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare intergroup perioperative data. Fisher’s exact or 2 tests were used to compare numbers and percentages of cases. Cumulative 3-mo survival rates were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method.

Research results

Patients in the medium and high CONUT score groups had a lower preoperative serum hemoglobin levels, more intraoperative red blood cell (RBC) transfusions, longer postoperative intensive care unit and hospital stays, higher preoperative day 7 and day 14 serum bilirubin levels, and a higher incidence of postoperative grade III/IV complications and infections than patients in the low CONUT score group. There were no significant differences in the 3-mo cumulative survival rate among the three groups. Patients with a low PMTH had higher levels of preoperative serum urea nitrogen, more intraoperative packed RBC and frozen plasma transfusions, longer postoperative ventilator extubation times, an increased incidence of total postoperative complications, and a lower 3-mo cumulative survival rate than those with a high PMTH.

Research conclusions

A CONUT score ≥ 5 was associated with the incidence of grade III/IV/V complications and infection after LT, and a low PMTH was associated with the incidence of total complications after LT. The CONUT score had no predictive value for short-term patient survival after LT, and the PMTH was predictive of short-term patient survival after LT.

Research perspectives

We hope to develop a predictive model for poor clinical outcomes of LT that combines the CONUT score and PMTH so that the two tools can be used together to predict outcomes in a wider audience.