Ariel A Hippen1, Natalie R Davidson2, Casey S Greene3. 1. Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. 2. Center for Health Artificial Intelligence, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA. 3. Center for Health Artificial Intelligence, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA. casey.s.greene@cuanschutz.edu.