Telehealth voice assessment by speech language pathologists during a global pandemic using principles of a primary contact model: an observational cohort study protocol.

INTRODUCTION: SARS-CoV-2, a highly contagious severe acute respiratory syndrome, has spread to most countries in the world and resulted in a change to practice patterns for the assessment and diagnosis of people with voice disorders. Many services are transitioning to telehealth models to maintain physical distancing measures and conserve personal protective equipment used by healthcare workers during laryngoscopy examinations. The speech-language pathology primary contact (SLPPC) assessment for patients referred to ear, nose and throat (ENT) services in Australia has been shown to reduce waiting times for assessment while streamlining access to ENT assessment and allied health practitioner treatment pathways. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A prospective observational cohort study will see patients in a newly developed telehealth model which uses the principles from a usual care SLPPC assessment protocol. Participants will be offered an initial telehealth assessment (speech-language pathology primary contact telehealth (SLPPC-T)) prior to being prioritised for a face-to-face laryngoscopy assessment to complete the diagnostic process. The telehealth assessment will collect sociodemographic information, personal and family medical history, key symptoms, onset and variability of symptoms, red-flag signs or symptoms for laryngeal malignancy, and clinical voice assessment data for auditory-perceptual and acoustic analysis. The study outcomes include (1) association of signs, symptoms and specific voice measures collected during SLPPC-T with voice disorder classification provided after laryngoscopy; (2) degree of concordance between voice disorder classification after SLPPC-T and after laryngoscopy; (3) health service and patient-related costs and health outcomes of the SLPPC-T; (4) patient and stakeholder views and beliefs about the SLPPC-T process. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval has been granted prior to commencement of the study enrolment by the Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service Human Research Ethics Committee (reference number HREC/2020/QGC/62832). Results will be shared through the publication of articles in peer-reviewed medical journals and presentation at national and international scientific meetings. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ACTRN12621000427875. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

This study has been developed in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 global pandemic where access to face-to-face instrumental assessments of vocal symptoms is being prioritised and deferred.

This is the first study to examine the impact of a speech–language pathology primary contact (SLPPC) telehealth voice assessment as a way of triaging the priority for ear, nose and throat (ENT) assessment and intervention.

The telehealth model is based on principles of a face-to-face speech–language pathology primary contact assessment model which has been shown to improve waiting times and access to diagnostic assessments with both ENT surgeons and speech language pathologists (SLP).

Although the study relies on a telehealth assessment model which may not be accessible for all patients, we have designed the protocol so that data can be collected using a hybrid assessment approach including a mix of telehealth, written communication and face-to-face consultations.

The SLPPC assessment pathway is not readily available in Australia and may not be a viable model for all health services. However, the protocol is designed so that both SLPs and ENTs, or a combination, can collect assessment data in the same way to facilitate a triage process.

Introduction

COVID-19 (WHO’s terminology for ‘coronavirus disease 2019’) refers to a severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by a newly identified coronavirus strain (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 has spread rapidly to most countries and territories across the world since its first outbreak in Wuhan City (Hubei Province, China).1 As of 18 April 2021, over 130 million people have contracted the virus resulting in almost three million deaths.2 In an attempt to control the spread of the virus, governments have enforced strict social distancing measures and travel restrictions.3 There is a reported increase in psychological distress worldwide.4 The financial impact of the pandemic is also extensive.5

Although the incidence of the disease varies across different countries and regions,6 and its mortality rate is generally lower than that of previous SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks,7 the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the world’s health system is hugely significant.8–10 The situation is rapidly changing with reports of new variants of SARS-CoV-2 with reported increased rates of transmission by up to 70%.11 Although a number of treatment methods have been suggested, there has been a lack of scientific evidence confirming the effectiveness of those methods.12 As a result, strategies have been planned to mitigate the spread and impact of the pandemic13 and to cope with consequences of the disease14 in view that the virus will persist until a global safe and effective strategy for vaccination is implemented successfully.15 16

As the mode of transmission of COVID-19 is via droplets and airborne aerosols, the risk of a healthcare worker contracting the virus is high. There is preliminary evidence that high viral load occurs in sputum samples followed by nasal and throat samples.17 18 The clinical practice of ear, nose and throat (ENT) surgeons and speech language pathologists (SLPs) entails a range of tasks and procedures that are categorised as aerosol-generating procedures, including endoscopy for voice and swallowing assessments.19 These are believed to involve a high risk of transmission of respiratory infection.20 Consequently, advice from multiple ENT and SLP associations during the pandemic, in areas where community transmission is high, is to minimise face-to-face consultations and prioritise endoscopic examinations to urgent cases while employing strict conditions to minimise transmission risk.21–23

The prevalence of voice disorders in the Australian general population is estimated to be at least 6.8%.24 Typically, patients with a voice disorder may experience symptoms of altered vocal quality, pitch, loudness, flexibility or effort when compared with someone of the same gender, age or cultural background.25 Living with a voice disorder has been shown to impact an individual’s physical, emotional and employment well-being and incur major costs to healthcare and society.26–28 Early assessment and intervention are therefore important to prevent vocal decline and reduce healthcare costs.29 Voice disorders encompass a wide variety of different conditions with signs and symptoms that can present in isolation or combination with each other. Hoarseness may be a symptom of an underlying acute or progressive medical condition.30 However, around 40% of patients are diagnosed with a voice disorder where there is no organic pathology nor neuromuscular pathophysiology.31 In comparison, the incidence of unilateral vocal fold palsy or paresis is 1.2%,32 and a reported 2.2% of people seeking treatment for vocal symptoms are diagnosed with laryngeal cancer.33 Visualisation of the larynx using laryngoscopy is the recommended assessment to identify organic pathology.30 However, classification and diagnosis beyond that of organic laryngeal pathology require a multidisciplinary and multidimensional assessment including a range of clinical voice measures to encapsulate the complexity of the vocal mechanism.30 34 35 In the assessment pathway for voice-disordered patients, SLP assessment includes perceptual and instrumental voice evaluation, which is considered as having a lower risk of virus exposure than ENT evaluation but provides important information for diagnosis and successful treatment of a voice disorder.34 35

The current pandemic has highlighted several threats to ENT and SLP services for patients with vocal symptoms when access to laryngoscopy is deferred.36 This includes delayed diagnosis of head and neck cancers, delayed or reduced access to instrumental procedures, and inequalities in the provision of care.36 In response to these threats, opportunities for new models of care are being explored.36 For example, an evidenced-based telephone triage system in the UK has been used to effectively identify patients with probable cancer according to their risk factors identified through case history.37

In usual circumstances, the ‘gold standard’ first contact assessment of vocal symptoms is laryngoscopy with ENT, preferably in an interdisciplinary clinical model with both ENT surgeon and SLP present.29 Allied health practitioner (AHP) expanded scope primary contact pathways are an emerging alternative to the traditional medical-led first contact pathways, providing high value and lower-cost care in areas where AHP treatment pathways exist.38–41 One example is the speech–language pathology primary contact (SLPPC) model of voice assessment where patients are seen in a parallel clinic to ENT for face-to-face assessment by SLPs including case history, clinical voice assessment and direct laryngoscopy with stroboscopy, prior to case discussion with the ENT for diagnosis and treatment planning42–44 (figure 1). These models provide a more efficient pathway for patients by reducing wait times for assessment and providing faster access to both ENT and voice treatment services, when compared with the ENT-led models.42–44 A recently published retrospective 5-year audit of a SLP led first contact clinic has confirmed the safety and service benefits of this model, including only a 2% re-referral rate over 5 years.45 Whereas up to 80% of patients seen in these pathways can be managed by SLPs after diagnosis, around 7% are identified for more urgent ENT assessment, which may include further diagnostic tests (eg, radiology).44 The face-to-face SLP-led model relies on concurrent timetabling of SLP and ENT clinics, and a potential overuse of the ENT surgeons’ time and resources for 80% of patients. A remote SLPPC assessment may be considered a valuable step in the triage-assessment sequence for diagnosis of a voice disorder. SLPs can use their expertise and skills to document signs and symptoms through detailed case histories and auditory–perceptual and acoustic voice evaluation. Skilled and high-quality data collection may help facilitate early identification of patients who need escalation to an ENT before they attend the hospital for laryngoscopy, enabling more targeted appointments in the right clinic with the right professional. Less critical patients can then be seen for routine assessment by the SLP, with a brief ENT case review to confirm the laryngeal diagnosis prior to commencement of SLP voice treatment.

Figure 1

Care pathway for the ‘usual care’ SLPPC at Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service (GCHHS). AQoL-6D, Assessment of Quality of Life-6D; ENT, ear, nose and throat; GP, general practitioner; LHQ, Laryngeal Hypersensitivity Questionnaire; RSI, Reflux Symptom Index; SLP, speech–language pathologist; SLPPC, speech–language pathology primary contact; VHI-10, Voice Handicap Index-10; WL, ENT waitlist.

Telehealth is an effective model used by SLPs and ENTs as an alternative to face-to-face consults to diagnose and treat voice disorders in remote settings.46 In the Australian context, validity and reliability of the telehealth assessment model in the Parkinson’s disease population have comparable results to in-person consults for perceptual and acoustic measures of voice and speech.47 In the USA, the use of telehealth consultations by SLPs has been shown to contribute to medical diagnosis for a range of voice disorders with equal diagnostic decision outcomes to in-person consultations, including recommendations for specialist ENT intervention.48 Furthermore, significantly comparable outcomes have been demonstrated in auditory–perceptual evaluations, acoustic measures, patient satisfaction and laryngoscopy ratings between a telehealth delivery model compared with a face-to-face pathway.49 This rapidly developing area of practice which improves access to specialist healthcare for people in remote areas and better collaboration between specialists is of relevance to the SLPPC model, particularly in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, where access to diagnostic laryngoscopy may be limited or delayed.

Aims

The aim of this study is to examine the speech–language pathology primary contact telehealth (SLPPC-T) assessment model as a remote triage assessment to identify a core set of clinical measures which can identify participants suitable for an SLP-led treatment model and those who need an ENT or interdisciplinary assessment model. A range of measures obtained through a virtual assessment protocol will be examined against the voice disorder classification provided after laryngoscopy to determine the influence of these measures on priority for ENT examination.

Methods and analysis

Objectives

The primary objective is to examine the predictive value of signs, symptoms and voice measures collected during the SLPPC-T assessment on the voice disorder classification provided by ENT after laryngoscopy using a linear regression model.

The secondary objectives are to

Examine the agreement in voice disorder classification provided by SLPs after remote triage assessment and voice disorder classification provided by ENT after laryngoscopy, using statistical measures of concordance.

Examine the agreement in voice disorder classification provided by SLPs after laryngoscopy and voice disorder classification provided by ENT after laryngoscopy, using statistical measures of concordance.

Examine patient views on the SLPPC-T model using quantitative and qualitative analysis of survey data.

Examine patient and health service attributed costs associated with the SLPPC-T model.

Study design

This is a prospective observational cohort study using principles from the SLPPC assessment protocol at Gold Coast University Hospital (GCUH), as previously described.44 All participants triaged to the SLPPC clinic will be offered an initial telehealth assessment prior to being prioritised for a face-to-face laryngoscopy and ENT diagnosis to complete the diagnostic process.

Participants

New patients referred for initial ENT evaluation who are triaged by the ENT surgical team as category 2 (complex care, assessment for <90 days) or category 3 (non-urgent, delayed assessment unlikely to lead to deterioration or a need for more complex care, assessment for <365 days), in accordance with the Queensland Health Clinical Prioritisation Criteria (CPC).50 The SLPPC assessment clinic receives approximately five referrals per week, enrolment will continue over a period of 12–18 months to facilitate recruitment of enough participants for this study.

Adults aged over 18.

Episodes of hoarseness or altered voice in patients with no risk factors for malignancy identified on written referral.

Patients who can provide informed consent and complete a telehealth case history and assessment in English.

Patients whose referrals are triaged by ENT as category 1 based on written referral information, as defined by the Queensland Health CPC.50

Any significant medical comorbidities identified on written referral (ie, previous head and neck cancer, previous laryngeal surgery and neuromuscular disease affecting the larynx).

Sample size

A power calculation was completed to consider a model examining the relationship between signs, symptoms and voice measures and diagnostic group membership, with reference to studies in the literature that have examined characteristics of a general voice-disordered population.51 52 Based on these data, with α=0.05 and power of 90%, 150 participants were identified as the minimum appropriate sample size to complete the logistic regression analysis.

For the concordance analysis, sample size was calculated using guidelines in the literature on a calculation of minimum sample size for Cohen’s kappa.53 Calculations were made using a 5×5 category table where each category (voice disorder diagnostic group) is assumed proportionate and based on power at 90% and α=0.05. The minimum sample size for this analysis has been calculated at 55 individual participants.

Given the power calculations for the regression analysis outcome measure is greatest, the minimum sample size for this study is at 150.

Setting

The study is sponsored by the Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service (GCHHS). The sponsor had no role in the design of this study and will not have any role during the study execution, analyses, data interpretation or a decision to submit results. Potential participants will be recruited from GCUH. Data will be analysed by the principal investigator and coinvestigators at GCHHS, The University of Sydney and Griffith University.

Interventions

The telehealth assessment protocol consists of multiple parts designed to collect information relevant to the patients’ presenting vocal symptoms including sociodemographic information, personal and family medical history, key symptoms, onset and variability of symptoms, red-flag signs or symptoms for laryngeal malignancy, and clinical voice assessment data for auditory–perceptual and acoustic analysis. These assessments make up the voice assessment protocol in a face-to-face SLPPC service at GCUH. The only assessment not able to be provided by telehealth is laryngoscopy, which will be provided for all participants at a face-to-face appointment in the SLPPC clinic or interdisciplinary voice clinic once priority for laryngoscopy is determined.

To obtain remote voice samples for the auditory–perceptual and acoustic analysis, participants will be given written and verbal guidance by the clinician at the end of the telehealth assessment. Voice samples will be collected from the subject’s home computer or laptop using the free to download voice recording software (Audacity) or a mobile phone application (AVR-X for iPhone or Smart Voice recorder for Samsung Galaxy). These apps are free to download, allow sharing of recorded.wav files and offer a sampling rate 44 100 Hz for recording. Participants will be instructed to use a headset mic (where possible) and to set the mic to mouth distance at 5 cm for the recording. To account for the effect of the home recording environment, participants will be asked to record a 5 s period of silence and to measure the level of background noise (SPL, dB) using a free to download smartphone app. Where a home recording cannot be provided by the participant, a voice sample will be collected at the face-to-face assessment using a head-mounted condenser microphone with flat frequency response (Shure Beta53) at a mouth–mic distance of 5 cm recorded into Audacity.

Acoustic analysis will be completed on the voice samples using Praat free software.54 The measures of interest will include time-based measures of fundamental frequency and amplitude from a sustained vowel, and smoothed cepstral peak prominence measures of connected speech. Assessment of acoustic signal typing will be completed on the sustained vowel samples to ensure the signal is suitable for acoustic analysis of harmonics to noise ratio.55

After SLPPC-T assessment, participants will be prioritised for laryngoscopy and completion diagnosis by an ENT, as follows:

Emergency time-sensitive laryngoscopy by ENT, completed within 5 days.

Urgent high-priority laryngoscopy with ENT present during the laryngoscopy or at an interdisciplinary clinic, within 2 weeks.

Routine laryngoscopy in the SLPPC clinic parallel to ENT within 2–4 weeks. Case discussion and a joint review of the assessment data, including laryngeal imaging, will be completed on the same day at the end of the clinic.

Figure 2 shows the priority matrix used to guide how participants will be triaged for urgency of laryngoscopy.

Figure 2

Priority matrix for how patients will be triaged for urgency of laryngoscopy after telehealth triage assessment. ENT, ear, nose and throat; SLP, speech–language pathologist; SLPPC, speech–language pathology primary contact.

Primary outcome measure

The primary outcome measure is the association of signs, symptoms and specific voice measures collected during the SLPPC-T assessment with voice disorder classification category provided after laryngoscopy.

The primary outcome measure will be analysed by multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Variables will include

Case history information as reported through a preassessment written case history questionnaire and during the telehealth assessment (SLPPC-T):

Presenting vocal/laryngeal symptoms.

Onset, variability and progression of vocal/laryngeal symptoms.

Medical, surgical, family and medication history.

Presence of coexisting symptoms (airway, cough, swallowing, globus, odynophagia, unexplained weight loss, unilateral otalgia, unilateral neck lump, unexplained night sweats or fevers and haemoptysis).

Presence of contributing or aggravating symptoms (reflux, neck/shoulder tension, stress, degree of voice use and effect of alcohol).

Voice use history.

A subset of questions from the Head and Neck Cancer Risk Calculator V.2 published by the Royal College of Surgeons of England as part of a 2-week wait telephone triage system.56

Voice aerodynamic measures of maximum phonation time in seconds and S/Z ratio (time difference between a participant’s maximum sustained ‘s’ and ‘z’) collected during the SLPPC-T.

Perceptual voice quality measures using the Consensus Auditory–Perceptual Evaluation of Voice (CAPE-V)57 (using a visual analogue scale from 0 (normal) to 100 (severe)) to evaluate grade, overall perceived voice quality severity; rough, degree of roughness or harshness; breathy, degree of breathiness; and strain, degree of strain. Voice recordings will be obtained at baseline during the SLPPC-T assessment using the participants’ home device or when they attend the clinic for laryngoscopy assessment.

Acoustic voice quality measures captured using the participants home recording or the in-clinic recording and analysed using Praat.54 The noise-to-harmonic ratio, mean fundamental frequency, pitch range, dynamic range, smoothed cepstral peak prominence, pitch range and dynamic range data will be collected at baseline from the voice recordings obtained.

Task stimulability of voice therapy techniques measured as excellent, good or poor.

Voice-related quality of life measured using the validated Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10).58

Self-reported symptoms of laryngopharyngeal reflux measured using the validated Reflux Symptom Index (RSI).59

Self-reported symptoms of laryngeal hypersensitivity measured using the validated Newcastle Laryngeal Hypersensitivity Questionnaire (LHQ).60

Health-related quality of life scores measured using the validated Assessment of Quality of Life-6D (AQoL-6D), a health-related quality of life instrument designed for use with cost–utility analysis.61

Diagnostic classification impression after SLPPC-T and laryngoscopy, as described by Baker and colleagues:62

Functional neurological (psychogenic) voice disorder.

Muscle tension voice disorder without suspected/visible laryngeal pathology.

Muscle tension voice disorder with suspected/visible laryngeal pathology.

Organic voice disorder.

Laryngeal malignancy/airway disorder.

Secondary outcome measures

The secondary outcome measures include the

Degree of concordance between voice disorder classification after SLPPC-T and voice disorder classification after laryngoscopy, measured by statistical measures of agreement (weighted kappa).

Degree of concordance between voice disorder classification by SLP after laryngoscopy and voice disorder classification by ENT after laryngoscopy measured by statistical measures of agreement (weighted kappa).

Patient views on the SLPPC-T measured using a trial-specific patient experience questionnaire after completion of the in-person visit for laryngoscopy, analysed through quantitative and qualitative survey data analysis.

Direct health service costs and direct and indirect patient attributed costs to contribute to a cost–utility analysis of the SLPPC-T (staff costs, equipment costs, AQoL-6D and patient experience surveys).

Participant flow

The study commenced on 22 May 2021, during the recruitment period of 12–18 months, potential participants will be contacted by the study site administration officer (AO) by telephone and offered a telehealth video assessment in place of a usual care face-to-face assessment. Initial AO telephone consult will include set-up arrangements for video conferencing in accordance with the local study site governance arrangements. Participants will be informed of the study by the AO at this point. The primary contact SLP, Principal Investigator (PI) will screen all referrals to confirm eligibility for the study.

The AO will send information about the telehealth appointment and blank copies of (1) prescreening case history questionnaire; (2) VHI-10, RSI, LHQ and AQoL-6D prior to the consultation. Instructions will be provided for the participant to complete these forms electronically and save them for upload via Kiteworks, a secure file sharing platform approved for clinical use by Queensland Health. The AO will contact the participant by telephone to guide them through this process.

The participant information and consent form will be sent to the participant by email or post (if requested) and the PI will be available to answer any questions about the study at the participants request prior to the telehealth assessment. The participant will be asked to complete the consent form and send back to the research team either by Kiteworks or postal return.

During the SLPPC-T triage assessment, the participant will be guided by the clinician to record a standardised voice sample onto their home computer using a free to download voice recording software (Audacity, https://www.audacityteam.org/) or using a mobile phone. The audio file can be sent to the clinician securely using Kiteworks. This recording will form part of the participant’s medical record and used for auditory–perceptual and acoustic analysis. Where the participant is unable to record a suitable voice sample at home, a recording will be collected when they attend the clinic for laryngoscopy.

The SLP will then triage the participant for priority of laryngoscopy as described previously and in figure 2. Laryngoscopy may be provided by an advanced and credentialed SLP in a parallel clinic to the ENT, as previously described in the usual care SLPPC.44 After case review of the SLPPC-T data and laryngoscopy imaging, the ENT will provide a diagnosis. The ENT will be blinded to the priority given by the SLP for urgency of laryngoscopy and SLP diagnostic impressions for SLPPC-T.

If participants decline a telehealth assessment, they will be offered usual care through an SLPPC face-to-face consult and will be asked to provide consent for their data to be used in the study for subanalysis. Data collected will include the same protocol as the virtual assessment, with a pseudo-priority rating provided by the SLP before completion of the laryngoscopy. For these participants, the laryngoscopy will be completed on the same day as a one-stop assessment approach.

Figure 3 shows the flow of participants through the study; table 1 shows the assessment protocol; and table 2 outlines the data collection time points. The study infographic in the online supplemental file provides an overview of the SLPPC-T.

Figure 3

The SLPPC-T assessment pathway. AO, administration officer; AQoL-6D, Assessment of Quality of Life-6D; ENT, ear, nose and throat; LHQ, Laryngeal Hypersensitivity Questionnaire; MDT, multidisciplinary team clinic; RSI, Reflux Symptom Index; SLP, speech–language pathologist; SLPPC-T, speech–language pathology primary contact telehealth; VHI-10, Voice Handicap Index-10.

Table 1

Speech–language pathology primary contact telehealth voice assessment protocol

Preassessment case history questionnaire emailed to the participants for written completion prior to initial telehealth assessment. Patient self-report scales Voice Handicap Index-10.58 Reflux Symptom Index.59 Newcastle Laryngeal Hypersensitivity Questionnaire.60 Telehealth case history interview. Recording of voice assessment tasks for auditory perceptual and acoustic evaluation. Participants will be guided in how to conduct the recording. Minimum samples will include Brief 20–30 s conversation sample. Standard reading passage (Rainbow passage).64 Consensus Auditory–Perceptual Evaluation of Voice phrases.57 Prolonged /a:/ vowel at habitual pitch to measure maximum phonation time (×3). Sustained /s/ and /z/ to measure s:z ratio. Loudness (dynamic) range: softest and loudest phonation on prolonged /a:/. Pitch range: glide from lowest to highest pitch on /a:/ vowel. Counting 1–10 with the patient palpating the larynx. Counting eighty to ninety (for voice onset acoustic measures). Singing ‘Happy Birthday’.
Speech Language Pathology auditory perceptual ratings using the Consensus Auditory–Perceptual Evaluation of Voice rating scale57 to include the following measures: nominal score out of 100, categorical scores (mild, moderate, severe), categorical scores (constant or intermittent) to include
Overall grade of severity. Laryngeal roughness. Laryngeal breathiness. Laryngeal strain. Pitch. Loudness.	n/100	Mild/moderate/severe	Intermittent/constant
Task stimulability of voice therapy techniques recorded as excellent, good or poor. Assessment of Quality of Life-6D.61 Locally developed patient-reported experience survey.
Instrumental voice assessment protocol (using the voice recording provided by patient). Where a home recording has not been provided, measures will be taken from the clinic voice recording at face to face assessment.
Tasks	Acoustic measures
Sustained /a:/ vowel for duration of 3–5 s (x3)	Spectographic signal typing: types 1, 2 and 3Harmonics to noise ratio (HNR)Vocal pitch SD: F0 (Hz)
Standard reading passage (Rainbow passage)64	Mean vocal pitch: average fundamental frequency (F0 Hz)Mean amplitude (dB)Smoothed cepstral peak prominence (CPPS)
Loudness range: sustained /a:/ vowel at loudest level for duration of 3–5 s and at softest level for duration of 3–5 s (x3)	Maximum vocal SPL (dB), minimum vocal SPL (dB)
Pitch range: sustained /a:/ vowel at lowest pitch for duration of 3–5 s and at highest pitch for duration of 3–5 s (x3)	Maximum F0 (Hz), minimum F0 (Hz)
Laryngoscopy with stroboscopy using the following standard tasks and measures for laryngeal imaging reporting based on the American Speech and Hearing Association (ASHA) minimum standards for voice assessment. 34 The recorded outcomes will be classification of voice disorder (functional neurological (psychogenic), muscle tension voice disorder with laryngeal pathology and muscle tension voice disorder without laryngeal pathology, organic voice disorder).
Tasks	Continuous light		Strobe light
Rest breathing on three complete breath cycles (inhalation and exhalation)	Vocal fold edge
Laryngeal diadochokinetic task /?i?i?i?i?i?i/	Gross-level vocal fold mobility
Maximum-range vocal fold adduction and abduction during alternated /i:/-sniff or /i:/-quick inhale	Vocal fold mobility maximum range
Sustained phonation of /i:/ at stable typical pitch and loudness, at least three consecutive glottal cycles	Supraglottic compression		Regularity, amplitude, mucosal wave, phase symmetry, vertical level, glottal closure pattern and glottal closure duration
Sustained phonation of /i:/ at varied pitches (eg, high and low pitches) of at least three consecutive glottal cycles for each pitch variation	Supraglottic compression		Regularity, amplitude, mucosal wave, phase symmetry, vertical level, glottal closure pattern, glottal closure duration.
Pitch glide	True vocal fold lengthening
Sustained phonation of /i:/ at varied loudness levels (eg, loud voice and quiet voice production) of at least three consecutive glottal cycles for each loudness variation	Supraglottic compression		Regularity, amplitude, mucosal wave, phase symmetry, vertical level, glottal closure pattern and glottal closure duration
Brief conversational speech sample
Voice therapy task stimulability

F0, fundamental frequency; SPL, sound pressure level.

Table 2

Speech–language pathology primary contact telehealth data collection time points

Data collection	Prebaseline (info from referral)	Baseline		Face-to-face assessment (diagnostic laryngoscopy)
		Preassessment	Initial telehealth assessment
Prescreening questionnaire		X
Self-report questionnaires		X
PMH and meds	X	X	X
Primary and secondary symptoms, variability aggravating factors, contributing factors	X	X	X
Date of symptom onset	X	X	X
Functional voice assessment tasks			X	X
AQoL-6D+		X
VHI-10, RSI, LHQ		X
Diagnostic impression			X (SLP)	X (SLP+ENT)
Priority for laryngoscopy			X	X (if no telehealth assessment)

AQOL-6D, Assessment of quality of life-6D; ENT, ear, nose and throat; LHQ, Laryngeal Hypersensitivity Questionnaire; Meds, medications; PMH, previous medical history; RSI, Reflux Symptom Index; SLP, Speech Language Pathologist; VHI-10, Voice Handicap Index.

Informed consent will be obtained when the participant is contacted by the SLP prior to the telehealth assessment. Evaluation of the outcomes will include only anonymised data collected as part of the initial assessment protocol in line with data collected as part of usual care. Participants will be reminded at their follow-up face-to-face assessment that they are free to withdraw consent at any time, and their data will not be included in the final evaluation.

Training programme

Development of an online training programme for SLP and ENT clinicians will include information about the alternative clinical pathway, an assessment manual and data collection tool and fidelity checking process to ensure clinicians are collecting data consistently.

Key areas of the training programme will include

Use of the assessment approaches.

Decision making around voice disorder classification terminology.

Treatment planning decision making.

Data analysis plan

Descriptive analysis (number, percentages, means and SD) will be used to describe participant demographics, number of participants triaged to each of the laryngoscopy groups, and diagnostic classification before and after laryngoscopy. Logistic regression analysis will be used to examine the association of various signs, symptoms, and voice assessment measures from the SLPPC-T assessment and diagnosis from laryngoscopy assessment. Statistical measures of agreement (weighted kappa statistic) will be used to examine concordance between disorder classification after SLPPC-T assessment and disorder classification after laryngoscopy. Quantitative and qualitative survey data analysis will be used to report the results of the patient experience measures and stakeholder satisfaction surveys. Cost and health outcomes will be measured by obtaining staffing and equipment costs through the GCHHS data analytics team, AQol-6D questionnaire and patient experience surveys, analysed through quantitative and qualitative analysis of survey data. These data will also be used for future economic analysis against a usual care service model. Statistical analysis will be performed using Stata V.16.63

Data management

Quantitative data will be collected at the trial sites using paper clinical records and entered centrally onto the online study database at the trial site and stored on a password-protected computer accessible only by the research team. Qualitative data (audio recordings and video laryngoscopy recordings) will be stored in a secure encrypted online storage database as part of the patients’ medical records at the local study site where only the research and clinical team will have password access. Identification logs, screening logs and enrolment logs will be kept at the trial site in a locked cabinet within a secured room.

At the end of the study, all study-related documents will be archived by the coordinating principal investigator for 15 years in line with all relevant legal and statutory requirements.

Study monitoring

The study will be monitored through the coordinating study group consisting of the coinvestigators, site PI and biostatistician. They will meet regularly during the set-up and duration of the study, data collection and analysis.

The study will monitor and report any adverse events defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a participant as a result of enrolment in the study.

Patient and public involvement

The concept was designed in response to the need for access to clinical services during a pandemic. Patients were not directly involved in the development of the research. Participants will be offered a results summary at the end of the study.

Ethics and dissemination

The study has undergone formal ethical review and has been approved by the GCHHS Human Research Ethics Committee (reference number HREC/2020/QGC/62832). Site-specific approval has been granted by the GCHHS Research Governance Committee (reference number SSA/2020/QGC/62832), where participants will be enrolled for the study. All members of the research team have received training in aspects of good clinical practice in accordance with their role in the study.

Dissemination of the results of the study will be through the publication of articles in peer-reviewed medical journals relevant to health professionals who work with voice disorders and presented at national and international scientific meetings.

Study status

At the time of manuscript submission, the study is open to recruitment.