Cardiovascular and kidney outcomes with finerenone in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: the FIDELITY pooled analysis.

AIMS: The complementary studies FIDELIO-DKD and FIGARO-DKD in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD) examined cardiovascular and kidney outcomes in different, overlapping stages of CKD. The purpose of the FIDELITY analysis was to perform an individual patient-level prespecified pooled efficacy and safety analysis across a broad spectrum of CKD to provide more robust estimates of safety and efficacy of finerenone compared with placebo. METHODS AND
RESULTS: For this prespecified analysis, two phase III, multicentre, double-blind trials involving patients with CKD and type 2 diabetes, randomized 1:1 to finerenone or placebo, were combined. Main time-to-event efficacy outcomes were a composite of cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure, and a composite of kidney failure, a sustained ≥57% decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate from baseline over ≥4 weeks, or renal death. Among 13 026 patients with a median follow-up of 3.0 years (interquartile range 2.3-3.8 years), the composite cardiovascular outcome occurred in 825 (12.7%) patients receiving finerenone and 939 (14.4%) receiving placebo [hazard ratio (HR), 0.86; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.78-0.95; P = 0.0018]. The composite kidney outcome occurred in 360 (5.5%) patients receiving finerenone and 465 (7.1%) receiving placebo (HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.67-0.88; P = 0.0002). Overall safety outcomes were generally similar between treatment arms. Hyperkalaemia leading to permanent treatment discontinuation occurred more frequently in patients receiving finerenone (1.7%) than placebo (0.6%).
CONCLUSION: Finerenone reduced the risk of clinically important cardiovascular and kidney outcomes vs. placebo across the spectrum of CKD in patients with type 2 diabetes. KEY QUESTION: Does finerenone, a novel selective, nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, added to maximum tolerated renin-angiotensin system inhibition reduce cardiovascular disease and kidney disease progression over a broad range of chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes? KEY FINDING: In a prespecified, pooled individual-level analysis from two randomized trials, we found reductions both in cardiovascular events and kidney failure outcomes with finerenone. Because 40% of the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate of >60 mL/min/1.73m2 they were identified solely on the basis of albuminuria. TAKE HOME MESSAGE: Finerenone reduces the risk of clinical cardiovascular outcomes and kidney disease progression in a broad range of patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes. Screening for albuminuria to identify at-risk patients among patients with type 2 diabetes facilitates reduction of both cardiovascular and kidney disease burden.

See the editorial comment for this article ‘Bringing FIDELITY to the estimate of treatment effects of finerenone in chronic kidney disease due to type 2 diabetes’, by Carly Adamson and Pardeep S. Jhund,

Introduction

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and type 2 diabetes have high residual cardiorenal morbidity and mortality, despite current therapies, and the risks of progression towards kidney failure and cardiovascular events increase with severity and stage of CKD. Compared with patients with advanced kidney disease, who are more likely to progress to dialysis, patients with better preserved estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) have a greater lifetime risk of cardiovascular morbidity such as heart failure, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, or dying from cardiovascular causes.

Evidence suggests that overactivation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) leads to inflammation and fibrosis in the heart, kidneys, and vasculature where the MR is extensively expressed that can drive CKD and cardiovascular disease progression. Finerenone is a novel, selective, nonsteroidal MR antagonist (MRA) that blocks MR-mediated sodium reabsorption and MR overactivation and has demonstrated anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects in preclinical kidney and cardiovascular disease models., The FInerenone in reducing kiDnEy faiLure and dIsease prOgression in Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIDELIO-DKD) and FInerenone in reducinG cArdiovascular moRtality and mOrbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIGARO-DKD) phase III trials are complementary in nature due to features such as their similar designs and endpoints. Together, they form the largest cardiorenal outcomes programme in CKD in type 2 diabetes to date. They investigated the efficacy and safety of finerenone, on top of maximum tolerated renin–angiotensin system inhibition, on kidney and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with mild-to-severe CKD in type 2 diabetes (Supplementary material online, ). In FIDELIO-DKD, finerenone significantly reduced the risk of the primary kidney composite outcome and the key secondary cardiovascular composite outcome in patients with predominantly stage 3–4 CKD with severely increased albuminuria and type 2 diabetes. In FIGARO-DKD, finerenone significantly reduced the primary cardiovascular composite outcome risk in a broader patient population than studied in FIDELIO-DKD (patients with stage 2–4 CKD and moderately increased albuminuria, or stage 1–2 CKD with severely increased albuminuria).,

The FIDELIO-DKD trial was designed to detect a treatment effect of finerenone on kidney failure endpoints, whereas the FIGARO-DKD trial aimed to detect an effect on a cardiovascular composite primary endpoint., To improve the ability to detect a treatment effect on the kidney failure outcome, patients with a higher urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) were preferentially selected in the FIDELIO-DKD trial. To provide a greater kidney failure-free interval to detect a treatment effect on cardiovascular events, in FIGARO-DKD, a population with moderate UACR and a wider eGFR range was selected. Thus, the two trials complemented each other with a slight overlap in the populations studied, and their similar designs and overlapping research sites allowed for the comparison and pooling of their results.

The efficacy and safety of finerenone, however, have not been fully evaluated across the spectrum of CKD in type 2 diabetes. The FInerenone in chronic kiDney diseasE and type 2 diabetes: Combined FIDELIO-DKD and FIGARO-DKD Trial programme analYsis (FIDELITY) pools these complementary studies with similar designs, assessments, and conduct. The aim of the FIDELITY prespecified pooled analysis was to provide more robust estimates of finerenone efficacy and safety across the spectrum of patients with CKD and type 2 diabetes, to provide reassurance regarding outcomes in a wide range of patients with a degree of precision that was not possible to obtain by considering the two trials separately.

Methods

Study design

This prespecified pooled efficacy and safety analysis, which was prespecified in a formal statistical analysis plan, combines data from FIDELIO-DKD (NCT02540993) and FIGARO-DKD (NCT02545049), two phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre clinical trials (Table and Supplementary material online, ). Trial design and study protocol details have been published previously.,

Uncontrolled hypertension

Chronic symptomatic HFrEF

Uncontrolled hypertension

Chronic symptomatic HFrEF

Patients

Eligible patients were adults (aged ≥18 years) with type 2 diabetes and CKD treated with a maximum tolerated labelled dose of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB).

Chronic kidney disease in FIDELIO-DKD

CKD in FIDELIO-DKD was defined as either: (i) persistent (demonstrated at both the run-in and screening visits, which took place between a minimum of 4 to a maximum of 16 weeks apart), moderately increased albuminuria (UACR ≥30–<300 mg/g) with an eGFR of ≥25–<60 mL/min/1.73 m2  and the presence of diabetic retinopathy, or (ii) persistent, severely increased albuminuria (UACR ≥300–≤5000 mg/g) and an eGFR of ≥25–<75 mL/min/1.73 m2.

Chronic kidney disease in FIGARO-DKD

CKD in FIGARO-DKD was defined as either: (i) persistent, moderately increased albuminuria (UACR ≥30–<300 mg/g) with an eGFR of ≥25–≤90 mL/min/1.73 m2, or (ii) persistent, severely increased albuminuria (UACR ≥300–≤5000 mg/g) and an eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Patients in both trials had to have serum potassium ≤4.8 mmol/L at both the run-in and screening visits. Other key exclusion criteria included clinical diagnosis of symptomatic chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (i.e., a Class IA recommendation for MRA treatment). Inclusion and exclusion criteria are listed in the Supplementary material online, .

Procedures

The procedures for the FIDELIO-DKD and FIGARO-DKD studies have been described previously. Briefly, eligible patients were randomized 1:1 to receive oral finerenone (10 or 20 mg) or placebo. Both studies consisted of run-in, screening, double-blind treatment, and safety follow-up periods (Supplementary material online, )., The run-in period required ACEi or ARB therapy to be adjusted to a maximum tolerated labelled dose that did not lead to unacceptable side effects. Study drug was withheld if potassium concentrations exceeded 5.5 mmol/L and restarted when potassium levels fell to ≤5.0 mmol/L. Further details are found in the Supplementary material online, .

Outcomes

The outcome definitions for FIDELIO-DKD and FIGARO-DKD have been described previously., The efficacy outcomes selected for this analysis were either a primary or a secondary outcome or those prespecified in the hierarchical outcomes in the complementary studies. The efficacy outcomes of interest for this pooled analysis were a composite cardiovascular outcome of time to cardiovascular death, non-fatal MI, non-fatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure (HHF), and a composite kidney outcome of time to first onset of kidney failure, sustained ≥57% decrease in eGFR from baseline over ≥4 weeks, or renal death. In the composite kidney outcome, kidney failure was defined as end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) or a sustained decrease in eGFR to <15 mL/min/1.73 m2, and ESKD was defined as initiation of chronic dialysis (for ≥90 days) or kidney transplantation. Other prespecified outcomes included: a second composite kidney outcome of time to first occurrence of kidney failure, sustained ≥40% decrease in eGFR from baseline over ≥4 weeks, or renal death; time to all-cause mortality; time to all-cause hospitalization; and change in UACR from baseline to Month 4.

The eGFR ≥40% composite kidney outcome was the primary or secondary outcome in the complementary trials., However, a sustained ≥57% decrease in eGFR (equivalent to doubling of serum creatinine) was selected in FIDELITY because it is a classic outcome in diabetic nephropathy studies, and is a more robust kidney failure surrogate outcome than a ≥40% decrease in eGFR, particularly when initial changes in eGFR occur., This outcome was selected before data pooling and analysis. Furthermore, the eGFR ≥57% outcome was a predefined outcome in the complementary trials.

In the safety analyses, adverse events were considered treatment emergent if they started or worsened during study drug intake or up to 3 days after any temporary or permanent interruption. The hyperkalaemia management procedure has been described previously.,

Statistical analyses

Statistical analyses were prespecified exploratory evaluations rather than hypothesis confirming. Statistical tests where P-values are provided were exploratory in nature; therefore, no adjustment for multiplicity was performed.

The full analysis set comprised all randomized patients [except those with critical Good Clinical Practice (GCP) violations, who were prospectively excluded from all analyses]. Safety analyses were performed in the safety analysis set, defined as all randomized patients without critical GCP violations who took ≥1 dose of study drug. Study outcomes were analysed using stratified Cox proportional hazards models fitted using the stratification factors: study, region (North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia, and others), eGFR category at screening (25–<45, 45–<60, and ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2), albuminuria category (moderately increased and severely increased) at screening, and a history of cardiovascular disease (present or absent; see Supplementary material online, , for further details). P-values for the comparison of treatment groups are presented based on a stratified log-rank test. Treatment effects are expressed as hazard ratios (HRs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from the stratified Cox proportional hazards models. Events were counted from randomization up to the end-of-study visit and patients without an event were censored at the date of their last contact with complete information on all components of the respective outcome. The time-to-event analyses reporting included first events only. Events based on a sustained decrease in eGFR were considered in the analysis from randomization up until 5 months after the last eGFR was recorded at a clinic visit. For subgroup analyses, HRs were derived from stratified Cox proportional hazards models, including treatment subgroup and a subgroup by treatment interaction term as fixed effects.

Cumulative incidences based on Aalen–Johansen accounting for mortality as competing risk and corresponding numbers needed to treat were calculated in 6-month intervals for the composite cardiovascular outcome and the key composite kidney outcome. Cumulative incidences based on Kaplan–Meier were calculated for all-cause mortality. An on-treatment sensitivity analysis was performed for outcomes considering only events occurring up until 30 days after study drug cessation in the full analysis set.

The sponsor, Bayer, conducted the statistical analyses, and all authors had access to the data and participated in its interpretation. All analyses were performed using SAS software, version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Additional statistical methods are found in the Supplementary material online, .

Results

From September 2015 through October 2018, 33 292 patients from 48 countries were screened and 13 171 patients were randomized (Supplementary material online, ). Critical GCP violations related to site or patient misconduct resulted in the prospective exclusion of 145 patients (see Supplementary material online, ), leaving a population of 13 026 patients on whom statistical analyses were performed.

Patient characteristics, medications, and demographics at baseline were balanced between patients randomized to finerenone and placebo (Table and Supplementary material online, ; published previously). The mean eGFR was 57.6 mL/min/1.73 m2 and median UACR 515 mg/g. Overall, 10.2%, 41.0%, and 48.3% of patients had moderate, high, and very high Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes risk scores, respectively (Supplementary material online, ). History of cardiovascular disease was reported in 45.6% of patients. Blood glucose (mean glycated haemoglobin 7.7%) and blood pressure (mean systolic blood pressure 136.7 ± 14.2) were moderately well controlled. Baseline cardiovascular medications included statins, anti-platelets, and diuretics in 72.2%, 56.0%, and 51.5% of patients, respectively, and renin–angiotensin system inhibition in 99.8% of patients. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors were used by 7.2% and 6.7% of patients, respectively. Medications started after study drug initiation are summarized in Supplementary material online, . The median follow-up period was 3.0 years [interquartile range (IQR) 2.3–3.8 years].

The composite cardiovascular outcome (time to cardiovascular death, non-fatal MI, non-fatal stroke, or HHF) occurred in 825 (12.7%) patients receiving finerenone and 939 (14.4%) patients receiving placebo (HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.78–0.95; P = 0.0018; Figures ). Significantly lower incidences of HHF occurred with finerenone vs. placebo (HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.66–0.92 [P = 0.0030], Figures ). Cardiovascular death and non-fatal MI incidences were directionally consistent with the cardiovascular composite outcome; non-fatal stroke was similar with finerenone and placebo (Figures ). Based on a between-group risk difference of 2.2% after 3 years, 46 (95% CI, 29–109) patients would need to be treated with finerenone to prevent one composite cardiovascular outcome event. Consistent results were observed in prespecified subgroups (including those with SGLT-2 inhibitor or GLP-1RA baseline use; Supplementary material online, ), and a prespecified ‘on-treatment’ sensitivity analysis (including all events from randomization up to 30 days after last intake of study drug) confirmed the results of the main analysis (Supplementary material online, ). Results for each of the cardiovascular and renal endpoints by individual trial in FIDELITY, including Pinteraction values, are presented in Supplementary material online, .

Time to efficacy outcomes. (A) The composite cardiovascular outcome defined as cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure (Aalen–Johansen curve). (B) The composite kidney outcome defined as kidney failure, sustained ≥57% decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate from baseline over ≥4 weeks, or renal death (Aalen–Johansen curve). (C) The composite kidney outcome defined as kidney failure, sustained ≥40% decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate from baseline over ≥4 weeks, or renal death (Aalen–Johansen curve). (D) All-cause mortality (Kaplan–Meier curve). Outcomes were assessed in time-to-event analyses.

Efficacy outcomes. aStatistical tests where P-values are provided were exploratory in nature; therefore, no adjustment for multiplicity was performed. bThe composite of time to first onset of cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. cThe composite of time to first onset of kidney failure, sustained ≥57% decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate from baseline over ≥4 weeks, or renal death. dInitiation of chronic dialysis for ≥90 days or kidney transplantation. eAnalyses for P-values not prespecified. fThe composite of time to first onset of kidney failure, sustained ≥40% decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate from baseline over ≥4 weeks, or renal death. gP = 1.001 to 3 decimal places.

Components of the composite cardiovascular outcome. Outcomes were assessed in time-to-event analyses (Aalen–Johansen curves). (A) Cardiovascular death. (B) Non-fatal myocardial infarction. (C) Non-fatal stroke. (D) Hospitalization for heart failure.

The incidence of the composite kidney outcome (time to first onset of kidney failure, sustained ≥57% decrease in eGFR from baseline over ≥4 weeks, or renal death) was significantly lower with finerenone vs. placebo (Figures ), occurring in 360 (5.5%) patients receiving finerenone and 465 (7.1%) patients receiving placebo (HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.67–0.88; P = 0.0002); the number needed to treat based on a between-group risk difference of 1.7% at 3 years was 60 (95% CI, 38–142). Analysis of the sustained ≥57% decrease in eGFR component showed a 30% risk reduction (HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.60–0.83; P < 0.0001) and the ESKD component a 20% risk reduction with finerenone vs. placebo (HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.64–0.99; P = 0.040). The prespecified ‘on-treatment’ sensitivity analysis confirmed the results of the primary analysis (Supplementary material online, ).

The composite kidney outcome of kidney failure, sustained ≥40% eGFR decrease, or renal death occurred in 854 (13.1%) and 995 (15.3%) patients receiving finerenone and placebo, respectively (HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.77–0.93; P = 0.0004; Figures ). Incidences of all-cause mortality (Figures ) and hospitalization for any cause (Figure ) with finerenone were not significantly different from placebo (P = 0.051 and P = 0.087, respectively). The mean change in UACR from baseline to 4 months was 32% lower with finerenone vs. placebo (ratio of least-squares mean change from baseline, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.66–0.70), an effect maintained throughout the trial (Supplementary material online, ).

Similar incidences of investigator-reported treatment-emergent adverse events were observed between treatment groups (Table and Supplementary material online, ). Serious adverse events occurred in 31.6% of patients in the finerenone group and 33.7% of patients in the placebo group. Renal-related adverse events, including acute kidney injury, occurred in similar proportions of patients between groups. Hyperkalaemia-related adverse events occurred more frequently with finerenone (14.0%) vs. placebo (6.9%), but no hyperkalaemia-related adverse events were fatal and only a small proportion led to permanent treatment discontinuation [1.7% (incidence rate 0.66 per 100 patient-years) and 0.6% (incidence rate 0.22 per 100 patient-years), respectively] or hospitalization (0.9% and 0.2%, respectively). After the fourth month of treatment, the change in serum potassium from baseline was +0.21 mmol/L [standard deviation (SD) 0.47 mmol/L] with finerenone and +0.02 mmol/L (SD 0.43 mmol/L) with placebo; the mean serum potassium was stable over time thereafter (Supplementary material online, ). Hypokalaemia occurred less frequently with finerenone (1.1%) vs. placebo (2.3%), while gynaecomastia was similar in the finerenone group (0.1%) and the placebo group (0.2%). Patients receiving finerenone had a modest reduction in mean systolic blood pressure compared with patients receiving placebo [change in mean systolic blood pressure at 4 months was –3.2 mmHg (SD 15.0 mmHg) with finerenone and +0.5 mmHg (SD 14.6 mmHg) with placebo; Supplementary material online, ].

Discussion

The pooled analysis of two complementary trials comprising 13 026 patients with a broad spectrum of CKD and type 2 diabetes, all treated with an optimized dose of an ACEi or ARB,, provides robust evidence of both cardiovascular and kidney protection with finerenone vs. placebo. Based on the FIDELIO-DKD trial results, finerenone is currently indicated to reduce the risk of sustained eGFR decline, ESKD, cardiovascular death, non-fatal MI, and HHF in adult patients with CKD associated with type 2 diabetes., Across the FIDELITY population, the relative risk reduction was 14% for the composite cardiovascular outcome and 23% for the composite kidney outcome; cardiovascular outcomes across subgroups by baseline demographics and clinical characteristics were generally consistent. The results of this analysis provide reassurance regarding the safety and efficacy of finerenone across a wide spectrum of patients with CKD and type 2 diabetes with a degree of precision that was previously not possible to obtain by considering the two trials separately.

MRAs are indicated for the treatment of patients with chronic symptomatic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction,—such patients were excluded from the FIDELIO-DKD and FIGARO-DKD studies,—but data supporting use of MRAs to reduce the risk of heart failure developing in patients with CKD and type 2 diabetes are limited. The FIDELITY analysis provides evidence that finerenone use in patients with CKD and type 2 diabetes, a population at high risk of developing heart failure, prevents HHF. In the FIDELITY analysis, HHF was the main driver of the cardiovascular benefit with finerenone, with a relative risk reduction of 22% vs. placebo (P = 0.0030), in a population that excluded patients with chronic symptomatic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction at the run-in visit., This finding is important because heart failure is a major source of morbidity and healthcare costs among patients with CKD and type 2 diabetes; therefore, prevention of such events can improve patient outcomes and potentially reduce healthcare costs. Furthermore, the fact that finerenone lowers HHF risk across the CKD spectrum emphasizes the need to screen all patients with type 2 diabetes for this risk factor.

The FIDELITY analysis shows not only a 30% reduction in the risk of a sustained ≥57% decrease in eGFR on top of optimized ACEi or ARB therapy but also a relative risk reduction of 20% in ESKD with finerenone vs. placebo (P = 0.0403). The relative risks of all components of the kidney composite outcome were reduced with finerenone vs. placebo, except time to renal death (this finding was likely due to low event numbers, although the HR of 0.53 still favoured finerenone over placebo). The relative risk of a sustained ≥57% decrease in eGFR was reduced by 30%, ESKD by 20%, sustained decrease in eGFR to <15 mL/min/1.73 m2 by 19%, and kidney failure by 16%. The requirement for dialysis is one of the most dreaded complications of CKD progression; it is associated with substantial morbidity and costs. Reduction of this outcome, which is of great relevance to both patients and payers, is therefore notable.

Prior trials of dual renin–angiotensin system blockade have failed to show cardiovascular or kidney protection among patients with CKD and type 2 diabetes, suggesting that the way in which the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system is blocked is important. The FIDELITY analysis suggests a strong effect of MR overactivation in the pathogenesis of both cardiovascular disease and CKD progression in patients with CKD and type 2 diabetes.

Previous studies assessing SGLT-2 inhibitors in patients with CKD and type 2 diabetes, such as CREDENCE or DAPA-CKD, included patient populations representing a substantially smaller part of the CKD spectrum than the FIDELITY analysis., Because the trials differed in population, design, and other aspects described previously, their results cannot be directly compared with the FIDELITY analysis., In FIDELITY, 877 patients (6.7%) received SGLT-2 inhibitors and 944 patients (7.2%) received GLP-1RAs at baseline, and the cardiovascular and kidney benefits of finerenone are at least as large in patients on SGLT-2 inhibitors or GLP-1RAs as in those without. Preclinical data on the initial combination of finerenone and empagliflozin in a rat model of hypertension-induced end-organ damage also showed that the combination approach conferred a protective effect across various cardiorenal outcomes. It is possible that there is an additive effect of the combination of finerenone on top of SGLT-2 inhibitors or GLP-1RAs, which may relate to their distinct mechanisms of action. However, this was not a randomized trial of finerenone and SGLT-2 inhibitor or GLP-1RA combination therapy, and the efficacy and safety of these agents in combination will be determined in future clinical trials and analyses.

Owing to its mechanism of action, finerenone treatment is expected to increase serum potassium concentration through MR antagonism. In FIDELITY, hyperkalaemia was more frequent with finerenone vs. placebo. However, the incidence of hyperkalaemia-related adverse events with clinical impact was low, with hyperkalaemia-related permanent treatment discontinuation in only 1.7% of patients receiving finerenone vs. 0.6% with placebo over a median follow-up of 3.0 years (IQR 2.3–3.8 years). Hypokalaemia occurred less frequently in finerenone-treated patients than in placebo-treated patients. Potassium intake was not restricted during the trials, but finerenone or placebo was withheld in cases where potassium concentrations >5.5 mmol/L were detected, until potassium concentrations fell to ≤5.0 mmol/L. Therefore, finerenone improves cardiorenal outcomes in patients with CKD and type 2 diabetes with a manageable hyperkalaemia risk and a reduction in hypokalaemia. The hypokalaemia reduction is notable because it is causatively associated with adverse outcomes in heart failure.

Although this prespecified pooled analysis of two studies with similar protocols included a large patient population with CKD and type 2 diabetes, limitations are that it did not include patients with non-albuminuric CKD and only a small proportion of Black patients were included. Since the design of the FIGARO-DKD and FIDELIO-DKD studies, SGLT-2 inhibitors have emerged as therapeutic options for patients with CKD and type 2 diabetes. Some patients in the finerenone phase III trials also received these novel agents at study commencement, and consistent cardiovascular benefits were observed in these groups.

In conclusion, finerenone reduced the risk of clinically important cardiovascular and kidney outcomes vs. placebo across the spectrum of CKD in patients with type 2 diabetes. The results highlight the importance of early treatment before CKD has progressed to improve outcomes in this patient population.

Supplementary material

Supplementary material is available at European Heart Journal online.

Click here for additional data file.

Table 1

Pooled analysis study details

Study name	FIDELIO-DKD7	FIGARO-DKD10
Publication year	2020	2021
Study design	Phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre clinical trial	Phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre clinical trial
Sample sizea	5734	7437
Inclusion criteria	Age ≥18 years T2D and CKD defined as UACR 30–<300 mg/g, eGFR 25–<60 mL/min/1.73 m2, and diabetic retinopathy, or UACR 300–5000 mg/g and eGFR 25–<75 mL/min/1.73 m2 Maximum tolerated dose of an RAS inhibitor Serum potassium ≤4.8 mmol/L	Age ≥18 years T2D and CKD defined as UACR 30–<300 mg/g and eGFR 25–90 mL/min/1.73 m2, or UACR 300–5000 mg/g and eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2 Maximum tolerated dose of an RAS inhibitor Serum potassium ≤4.8 mmol/L
Exclusion criteria	Non-diabetic kidney disease Uncontrolled hypertensionb HbA1c >12% SBP <90 mmHg Chronic symptomatic HFrEFc Recent CV event Dialysis for acute kidney failure Kidney transplant	Non-diabetic kidney disease Uncontrolled hypertensionb HbA1c >12% SBP <90 mmHg Chronic symptomatic HFrEFc Recent CV event Dialysis for acute kidney failure Kidney transplant
Follow-up period, median	2.6 years	3.4 years
Primary outcome	Time to kidney failure, sustained ≥40% decrease in eGFR from baseline, or renal death	Time to CV death, non-fatal MI, non-fatal stroke, or HHF
Secondary outcome	Time to CV death, non-fatal MI, non-fatal stroke, or HHF	Time to kidney failure, sustained ≥40% decrease in eGFR from baseline, or renal death
Trial registry information	NCT02540993	NCT02545049

The key features of the FIDELIO-DKD and FIGARO-DKD studies that comprised the FIDELITY prespecified pooled analysis are described above, including publication year, study design, sample size, eligibility criteria, median follow-up, primary and main secondary endpoints, and links to the trials’ ClinicalTrials.gov webpages.

CKD, chronic kidney disease; CV, cardiovascular; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HHF, hospitalization for heart failure; MI, myocardial infarction; RAS, renin–angiotensin system; SBP, systolic blood pressure; T2D, type 2 diabetes; UACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio.

A total of 145 randomized patients (60 patients in FIDELIO-DKD and 85 patients in FIGARO-DKD) were prospectively excluded prior to database lock from all analyses because of critical Good Clinical Practice violations. This affected one site in the USA that was subsequently closed during the conduct of the trial, leading to the exclusion of 66 patients. In addition, during trial conduct, it was detected that several patients were randomized simultaneously at multiple trial sites in the same locality in Florida, USA. This led to the prospective exclusion of a total of 79 patient IDs.

Mean sitting SBP ≥170 mmHg or mean sitting DBP ≥110 mmHg at the run-in visit, or mean sitting SBP ≥160 mmHg or mean sitting DBP ≥100 mmHg at the screening visit.

New York Heart Association class II–IV at the run-in visit.

Table 2

Baseline patient demographics, clinical characteristics, and medications

	Finerenone (10 mg od or 20 mg od) (n = 6519)	Placebo (n = 6507)	All patients (n = 13 026)
Age, years	64.7 ± 9.4	64.8 ± 9.7	64.8 ± 9.5
Sex, n (%)
Male	4481 (68.7)	4607 (70.8)	9088 (69.8)
Female	2038 (31.3)	1900 (29.2)	3938 (30.2)
Race or ethnic group, n (%)
White	4449 (68.2)	4420 (67.9)	8869 (68.1)
Black/African American	253 (3.9)	269 (4.1)	522 (4.0)
Asian	1432 (22.0)	1462 (22.5)	2894 (22.2)
Others	385 (5.9)	356 (5.4)	741 (5.8)
Duration of diabetes, years	15.4 ± 8.7	15.4 ± 8.7	15.4 ± 8.7
HbA1c, %	7.7 ± 1.4	7.7 ± 1.4	7.7 ± 1.4
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg	136.8 ± 14.2	136.7 ± 14.3	136.7 ± 14.2
History of cardiovascular disease, n (%)	2979 (45.7)	2956 (45.4)	5935 (45.6)
Heart failure, n (%)	485 (7.4)	522 (8.0)	1007 (7.7)
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2	57.5 ± 21.6	57.7 ± 21.8	57.6 ± 21.7
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2, n (%)
≥60	2603 (39.9)	2592 (39.8)	5195 (39.9)
45–<60	1717 (26.3)	1717 (26.4)	3434 (26.4)
25–<45	2117 (32.5)	2115 (32.5)	4232 (32.5)
<25	81 (1.2)	81 (1.2)	162 (1.2)
UACR, mg/g, median (IQR)	514 (198–1129)	515 (198–1163)	515 (198–1147)
UACR, mg/g, n (%)
<30	120 (1.8)	110 (1.7)	230 (1.8)
30–<300	2076 (31.8)	2023 (31.1)	4099 (31.5)
≥300	4321 (66.3)	4371 (67.2)	8692 (66.7)
Serum potassium, mmol/L	4.35 ± 0.44	4.35 ± 0.44	4.35 ± 0.44
Baseline medications, n (%)
Renin–angiotensin system inhibitors	6408 (99.8)	6495 (99.8)	13 003 (99.8)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors	2526 (38.7)	2553 (39.2)	5079 (39.0)
Angiotensin receptor blockers	3987 (61.2)	3950 (60.7)	7937 (60.9)
Diuretics	3325 (51.0)	3385 (52.0)	6710 (51.5)
Statins	4657 (71.4)	4742 (72.9)	9399 (72.2)
Potassium bindersb	94 (1.4)	88 (1.4)	182 (1.4)
Glucose-lowering therapies	6354 (97.5)	6366 (97.8)	12 720 (97.7)
Insulin	3866 (59.3)	3764 (57.8)	7630 (58.6)
GLP-1RAs	497 (7.6)	447 (6.9)	944 (7.2)
SGLT-2 inhibitors	438 (6.7)	439 (6.7)	877 (6.7)

Details of key patient baseline demographic and clinical characteristics, and medication use for both treatment groups and the overall FIDELITY population.

eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GLP-1RA, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; IQR, interquartile range; od, once daily; SGLT-2, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2; UACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio.

Plus or minus values indicate mean ± standard deviation.

Sodium polystyrene sulphonate, calcium polystyrene sulphonate, and potassium-binding agents.

Table 3

Safety outcomes

Treatment-emergent AEsa	Number of patients with event (%)
	Finerenone (n = 6510)	Placebo (n = 6489)
Any AE	5602 (86.1)	5607 (86.4)
AE related to study drug	1206 (18.5)	862 (13.3)
AE leading to treatment discontinuation	414 (6.4)	351 (5.4)
Any serious AEb	2060 (31.6)	2186 (33.7)
Serious AEb related to study drug	83 (1.3)	61 (0.9)
Serious AEb leading to treatment discontinuation	145 (2.2)	154 (2.4)
Investigator-reported hyperkalaemiac	912 (14.0)	448 (6.9)
Hyperkalaemia related to study drug	573 (8.8)	249 (3.8)
Permanent discontinuation due to hyperkalaemia	110 (1.7)	38 (0.6)
Serious hyperkalaemiab	69 (1.1)	16 (0.2)
Hospitalization due to serious hyperkalaemia	61 (0.9)	10 (0.2)
Fatal hyperkalaemia	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Investigator-reported hypokalaemia	70 (1.1)	149 (2.3)
Investigator-reported renal-related AEs
Acute kidney injuryd	220 (3.4)	234 (3.6)
Hospitalization due to acute kidney injuryd	85 (1.3)	86 (1.3)
Treatment discontinuation due to acute kidney injuryd	14 (0.2)	10 (0.2)
Adverse events affecting ≥5% of patients in either groupd
Hyperkalaemia	781 (12.0)	382 (5.9)
Nasopharyngitis	559 (8.6)	577 (8.9)
Arthralgia	496 (7.6)	459 (7.1)
Back pain	436 (6.7)	428 (6.6)
Urinary tract infection	431 (6.6)	432 (6.7)
Diarrhoea	423 (6.5)	411 (6.3)
Anaemia	425 (6.5)	397 (6.1)
Hypertension	419 (6.4)	581 (9.0)
Upper respiratory tract infection	407 (6.3)	394 (6.1)
Oedema peripheral	384 (5.9)	584 (9.0)
Glomerular filtration rate decreased	348 (5.3)	274 (4.2)
Hypoglycaemia	340 (5.2)	375 (5.8)
Dizziness	341 (5.2)	322 (5.0)
Bronchitis	328 (5.0)	332 (5.1)
Constipation	317 (4.9)	334 (5.1)
Pneumonia	271 (4.2)	387 (6.0)

Summary of safety outcomes by treatment group (including events leading to treatment discontinuation or hospitalization) which included AEs, serious AEs, hyperkalaemia-related events, renal AEs, hypokalaemia events, and a list of the most commonly occurring AEs that had an incidence ≥5% in either treatment group.

AEs, adverse events; MedDRA, Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities.

Reported as treatment-emergent AEs relating to seriousness criteria.

A treatment-emergent event was considered to be a serious AE if it: (i) resulted in death; (ii) was life-threatening; (iii) required inpatient hospitalization (or prolongation of existing hospitalization); (iv) caused persistent or significant disability/incapacity; (v) was a congenital abnormality or birth defect; or (vi) was judged by the investigator to be a serious or important medical event.

Investigator-reported AEs using the MedDRA preferred terms ‘hyperkalaemia’ and ‘blood potassium increased’.

MedDRA preferred term.