Potential Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria with Anti-Penicillium expansum Activity from Different Species of Tunisian Edible Snails.

This study aimed to isolate lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from the digestive tract, meat and slime of edible snails (Helix lucorum, Helix aspersa and Eobania vermiculata) and investigate their antagonistic activity against Penicillium expansum. They were then characterized for their probiotic potential. Among 900 bacterial isolates, 47 LAB exhibiting anti-P. expansum activity were identified through matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) as Levilactobacillus brevis (25), Lactococcus lactis (3), Enterococcus faecium (12), Enterococcus faecalis (4), Enterococcus casseliflavus (1), and Enterococcus mundtii (2). Sixty-two percent of the strains were tolerant to 100 mg/L of lysozyme. Seventy two percent of the isolates were able to survive at pH 3 and most of them tolerate 2.5% bile salt concentration. Moreover, 23% of the strains displayed bile salt hydrolase activity. Interestingly, all strains were biofilm strong producers. However, their auto- and co-aggregation properties were time and pH dependent with high aggregative potentiality at pH 4.5 after 24 h. Remarkably, 48.94% of the strains showed high affinity to chloroform. The safety assessment revealed that the 47 LAB had no hemolytic activity and 64% of them lacked mucin degradation activity. All isolated strains were susceptible to gentamycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Overall, 43 LAB strains showed inhibitory activity against a broad spectrum of pathogenic Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and yeast. Our findings suggest that L. brevis (EVM12 and EVM14) and Ent. faecium HAS34 strains could be potential candidates for probiotics with interesting antibacterial and anti-P. expansum activities.