Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Lipid Nanobubbles on Microneedles for Ultrasound-Assisted Transdermal Drug Delivery.

Microneedles as a typical device for transdermal drug delivery provide an alternative route for drug administration with minimal digestion by organs and better patient compliance. However, diffusion of passively released drug molecules within the skin tissue mainly depends on the interstitial fluid, which may be affected by different physiological conditions of individuals. Herein, we propose a nanobubble-modified microneedle patch for ultrasound-assisted drug delivery, which provides additional driving force for penetration and diffusion of the drug molecules. Layer-by-layer self-assembled drug-containing nanobubbles on the surfaces of microneedles trigger active drug release upon application of ultrasound. The concomitant microstreaming caused by cavitation effects facilitates the penetration and diffusion of drug molecules in the gelatin gel model and the ex vivo porcine skin model. The proposed drug delivery strategy holds great promise for rapid transdermal drug delivery with enhanced penetration and diffusion of the released drugs.