Graphene-Layered Eggshell Membrane as a Flexible and Functional Scaffold for Enhanced Proliferation and Differentiation of Stem Cells.

The eggshell membrane (ESM) is usually regarded as an agricultural byproduct waste, even though it has unique properties as a biomaterial. In particular, the ESM has a flexible and highly pure microfibrous network structure that can be used as an artificial extracellular matrix (ECM) platform for engraftment or as a tissue-engineered scaffold. In this study, flexible and functional scaffolds were constructed using an ESM and graphene, and their applicability for stem cell and tissue engineering was analyzed. The graphene-layered ESM (GEM) scaffolds show enhanced characteristics, such as ECM-like hierarchical micro- and nanostructures and better mechanical and hydrophilic properties than those of a raw ESM. The GEM scaffolds can control the adhesion properties of stem cells, enhancing the proliferation and osteogenic properties of the cells compared with the effects of a raw ESM. Additionally, the GEM scaffolds can improve the secretion of growth factors from stem cells, possibly through enhanced cell-substrate interactions, thereby promoting the proliferation and differentiation of these cells.