Pollution characteristics and source analysis of microplastics in the Qiantang River in southeastern China.

Microplastic pollution resulting from industrialization and urbanization is increasingly serious. Hangzhou is a city with high industrial/urban growth in Southeast China. Focusing on the microplastic pollution in the Hangzhou section Qiantang River, six samples were collected and analyzed during different hydrological periods (normal, wet, and dry periods) and the relationship between microplastic pollution and economic development was investigated. Results showed that more microplastics were found during the dry period than that of the wet period (49.8 vs. 13.2%). Microplastic abundance was 1.5-9.4 items L-1, showing significant spatial differences in sampling sites. Among the collecting microplastics, debris and fibers accounted for 36.4 and 30.9%. Polyethylene terephthalate and polyvinyl chloride were the main polymers, accounting for 48.3 and 31.8%, respectively. Microplastics with size <1 mm accounted for 60% of the microplastics in surface water samples. Spatially, microplastic abundance was the highest in the middle of the river. Redundant analysis revealed that the per capita GDP (p = 0.002), high-end equipment industry (p = 0.028) and fashion manufacturing (p = 0.006) influenced microplastic abundance. Urbanization coupled with rapid economic development led to increase in local microplastic pollution. Our results provide insight into microplastic distribution patterns in urban river systems in China.