| Literature DB >> 35004469 |
Haeryun Cho, Jungmin Lee, Shin-Jeong Kim.
Abstract
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to review pain alleviation intervention for Korean pediatric inpatients with reference to Kolcaba's Theory of Comfort.Entities:
Keywords: Hospitalization; Pain; Patients; Review
Year: 2020 PMID: 35004469 PMCID: PMC8650927 DOI: 10.4094/chnr.2020.26.2.254
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Child Health Nurs Res ISSN: 2287-9110
Figure 1.Flow diagram of the articles retrieved and selection process.
List of the Reviewed Articles (N=27)
| No. | First authors (year) | Reference | Design | Subject ( | Main variable | Key finding | WOE (a-b-c-d) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hur (2018) | Child Health Nursing Research, 24 (1), 1-8. | Quasi-experime ntal design | Neonates (20) | • | HR, SpO2 | • | It is recommended to remove the adhesive eye patch using oil to reduce pain and improve comfort in neonates. | H-H-H-H |
| Doi: 10.4094/chnr.2018.24.1.1 | • | Pain, crying time | |||||||
| • | Erythema score | ||||||||
| 2 | Kim (2017) | Child Health Nursing Research, 23 (2), 179-189. | Descriptive study | NICU nurses (120) | • | Neonatal pain nursing intervention | • | The higher the knowledge of non-pharmacological pain medication, the higher the self-efficacy of pain nursing interventions, and the higher the perception of neonatal pain nursing interventions. | H-H-H-H |
| Doi: 10.4094/chnr.2017.23.2.179 | • | Knowledge | |||||||
| • | Self-efficacy | ||||||||
| • | Sympathy | ||||||||
| 3 | Heo (2016) | Child Health Nursing Research, 22 (4), 279-288. | Descriptive study | Nurses (237) | • | Knowledge | • | The most vulnerable area among nurses was pain assessment. | H-H-H-H |
| Doi: 10.4094/chnr.2016.22.4.279 | • | Barriers | |||||||
| • | Self-efficacy | ||||||||
| • | Practices | ||||||||
| 4 | Kim (2016) | Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society, 27 (1), 203-215. | Quasi-experime ntal design | Newborn babies (50) | • | Pain, | • | Breast feeding is considered as an independent nursing intervention that is effective in relieving procedural pain during heel lancing among neonates. | H-H-H-H |
| Doi: 10.7465/jkdi.2016.27.1.203 | • | HR, SpO2, RR | |||||||
| • | Crying time | ||||||||
| 5 | Seo (2016) | Child Health Nursing Research, 22 (1), 21-28. | A randomized, double-blind, and crossover design | Pediatric patients (20) | • | Pain | • | EMLA cream application was effective in relieving pain when inserting a chemoport needle in a pediatric cancer patient. | H-H-H-H |
| Doi: 10.4094/chnr.2016.22.1.21 | • | HR, SpO2 | |||||||
| 6 | Seo (2016) | Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 62 (3), 246-249. | Quasi-experime ntal design | Newborn babies (56) | • | Pain | • | Kangaroo care can be considered as an effective intervention for managing neonatal pain in a full-term nursery. | H-M-M-M |
| Doi: 10.1093/tropej/fmv102 | • | HR, SpO2 | |||||||
| • | Crying time | ||||||||
| 7 | Yun (2015) | Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 30 (6), e89-e99. | Quasi-experime ntal design | Pediatric patients (50) | • | BP, HR, and anxiety | • | A pre-operative clown nurse educational intervention can be effective in minimizing the level of anxiety among children and their parents and reducing children's surgical-related pain. | H-H-H-H |
| Doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2015.03.003 | • | Post operative pain | |||||||
| 8 | Kim (2014) | Child Health Nursing Research, 20 (3), 142-148. | Quasi-experime ntal design | Pediatric patients (48) | • | Skin electrical reaction | • | Topical anesthetic cream application (30 minutes of EMLA cream application) to the venipuncture site was effective in decreasing pain in children. | H-H-H-H |
| Doi: 10.4094/chnr.2014.20.3.142 | • | Pain | |||||||
| • | HR | ||||||||
| 9 | Cho (2013) | Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education, 19 (4), 684-692. | Quasi-experime ntal design | Pediatric patients (45) | • | Fear | • | A combination of visual and auditory stimuli was effective in reducing fear of the hospital and injection pain among hospitalized children. | H-H-H-H |
| Doi: 10.5977/jkasne.2013.19.4.684 | • | Pain | |||||||
| 10 | Kim (2013) | Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society, 15 (3), 1391-1402. | Quasi-experime ntal design | Pediatric patients (40) | • | Subjective pain | • | Distraction using a smartphone was effective for reducing pain during venipuncture for hospitalized preschool children. | H-H-H-H |
| • | Objective pain | ||||||||
| • | HR, SpO2 | ||||||||
| 11 | Sung (2013) | Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research, 19 (1), 143-151. | Quasi-experime ntal design | Pediatric patients (50) | • | Pain | • | Using an illustrated children's book was found to be an effective intervention for preschoolers in reducing pain post-tonsillectomy and improving their compliance with treatment. | H-H-H-H |
| • | Treatment implementation | ||||||||
| 12 | Yoo (2012) | Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 42 (3), 333-341. | Quasi-experime ntal design | Pediatric patients (76) | • | Anxiety | • | The recovery room intervention program was effective in reducing pain upon awakening immediately after surgery on pediatric patients. | H-H-H-H |
| Doi: 10.4040/jkan.2012.42.3.333 | • | Delirium | |||||||
| • | Pain | ||||||||
| 13 | Kim (2011) | Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing, 17 (4), 215-221. | Quasi-experime ntal design | Newborn babies (70) | • | Pain | • | Applying a local EMLA cream before venipuncture was effective in reducing neonatal pain and significantly reducing crying time. | H-H-H-H |
| Doi: 10.4094/jkachn.2011.17.4.215 | • | Crying | |||||||
| 14 | Noh (2011) | Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing, 17 (3), 190-197. | Descriptive study | Nurses at NICU and NR (204) | • | Knowledge of neonatal pain | • | Nurses' lack of knowledge of pain in newborns- general knowledge of pain and knowledge of pain scales- affected their performance of pain management. | H-H-H-H |
| Doi: 10.4094/jkachn.2011.17.3.190 | • | Nurses' performance of pain management | |||||||
| • | Pain management Barriers | ||||||||
| 15 | Jeong (2010) | Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society, 12 (2), 865-875. | Quasi-experimental design | Pediatric patients (46) | • | Pain | • | An animation intervention was found to be effective in relieving pain and fear during venipuncture of preschool children. | H-H-H-H |
| • | Fear | ||||||||
| 16 | Choi (2008) | Korean Journal of Pediatrics, 51 (5), 481-486. | Rando mization Controlled Trials | Newborn babies (60) | • | Pain | • | In the newborn infants, applying a vapocoolant spray during the heel-stick procedure was found to be effective for pain reduction, as were an oral 30% glucose solution. | H-M-M-M |
| • | HR | ||||||||
| 17 | Im (2008) | Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 54 (1), 31-35. | Quasi-experimental design | Newborn babies (99) | • | Pain | • | Using both yakson (a traditional Korean touching method) and a pacifier may be effective in reducing the pain response of neonates undergoing a heel stick. | H-H-H-H |
| Doi: 10.1093/tropej/fmm083 | • | HR, SpO2 | |||||||
| 18 | Kim (2008) | Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research, 14 (3),47-59. | Quasi-experimental design | Pediatric patients (64) | • | Pain | • | Pain management interventions were found to be effective not only for pain, but also for the prevention of pulmonary complications. | H-H-H-H |
| • | Comfort | ||||||||
| • | Preoperative parental anxiety | ||||||||
| 19 | Lee (2008) | Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing, 14 (2), 129-137. | Quasi-experimental design | Pediatric patients (61) | • | Skin injury determination | • | There were significant differences in skin injury and pain reactions in both nurses and children when a hand washing intervention was conducted before an intravenous injection. | H-H-H-H |
| • | Anxiety | ||||||||
| • | Pain | ||||||||
| 20 | Koo (2007) | Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing, 13 (1), 66-72. | Quasi-experimental design | Pediatric patients (40) | • | Subjective pain | • | Children in the experimental group did not show a decrease in pain in subjective pain and objective pain. However, there was a significant difference in the reduction of the pulse rate | H-H-H-H |
| • | Objective pain | ||||||||
| • | HR, SpO2 | ||||||||
| • | Injection fear | ||||||||
| 21 | Lim (2007) | Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing, 13 (4), 506-511. | Quasi-experimental design | Pediatric patients (54) | • | Pain | • | Distraction with a cell phone was effective in decreasing the pain and fear experienced by children during an intravenous injection. | H-H-H-H |
| 22 | Ahn (2006) | Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 36 (6), 992-1001. | Quasi-experimental design | Newborn babies (60) | • | Pain | • | Oral administration of glucose prior to a heel stick was effective in reducing neonatal pain behavior responses. | H-H-H-H |
| • | HR, SpO2, RR | ||||||||
| • | Crying time | ||||||||
| 23 | Chung (2006) | Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing, 12 (2), 253-259. | Quasi-experimental design | Pediatric patients (60) | • | Pain | • | EMLA cream was shown to be effective in relieving pain associated with venipuncture for pediatric patients. | H-H-H-H |
| • | Anxiety | ||||||||
| • | Skin reaction | ||||||||
| 24 | Lee (2006) | Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing, 12 (1), 75-83. | Quasi-experimental design | Newborn babies (40) | • | HR, SpO2, RR | • | Neonatal heel puncture on baesu spots of joktaeyang bangkwang kyeong was found to be effective for pain relief in neonates. | H-H-H-H |
| 25 | Lim (2006) | Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing, 12 (2), 215-222. | Quasi-experimental design | Pediatric patients (60) | • | Subjective pain | • | An intervention using character stamps and stickers during an intravenous injection was effective in reducing pain among preschoolers. | H-H-H-H |
| • | Objective pain | ||||||||
| • | Injection fear | ||||||||
| 26 | Park (2006) | Korean Journal of Pediatrics, 49 (4), 388-393. | Quasi-experimental design | Newborn babies (50) | • | Pain | • | During venipuncture in newborn infants, oral glucose solution, EMLA cream, and pacifiers were shown to be effective in reducing pain. | H-H-H-H |
| • | HR, SpO2 | ||||||||
| 27 | Park (2006) | Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 36 (6), 897-904. | Quasi-experime ntal design | Newborn babies (32) | • | Pain | • | Yakson (a traditional Korean touching method) therapy can be used as an independent nursing intervention to alleviate neonatal pain during the heel stick procedure. | H-H-H-H |
| • | HR, SpO2 | ||||||||
BP=Blood pressure; EMLA=Eutectic mixture of local anesthetics; H=High level; HR=Heart rate; M=Medium level; NICU=Neonatal intensive care unit; RR=Respiratory rate; SpO2=Saturation of percutaneous oxygen; WOE=Weight of evidence.
General Characteristics of the Reviewed Papers (N=27)
| Variables | Categories | n (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Publication year | Before 2011 | 13 (48.1) |
| 2011~2015 | 8 (29.7) | |
| After 2015 | 6 (22.2) | |
| Research design | Quasi-experimental design | 22 (81.5) |
| Descriptive study | 3 (11.1) | |
| Randomized cross-over design | 2 (7.4) | |
| Research subjects | Neonate only | 10 (37.1) |
| Neonates to 6 years old | 11 (40.7) | |
| School age | 3 (11.1) | |
| Nurses working in nursery, NICU, pediatric unit | 3 (11.1) | |
| Pain-inducing factors | Injection | 15 (55.6) |
| Treatment | 5 (18.5) | |
| General pain of neonate | 4 (14.8) | |
| Not applicable | 3 (11.1) | |
| Pain relief intervention methods[ | Application of substance or stimulus | 7 (25.9) |
| EMLA cream or vapocoolant spray application | 6 (22.2) | |
| Distraction technique | 6 (22.2) | |
| Provision of information | 2 (7.4) | |
| Removing the eye patch used for phototherapy | 1 (3.7) | |
| Clown nurse educational intervention | 1 (3.7) | |
| Active pain management | 1 (3.7) | |
| Parental presence | 1 (3.7) | |
| Kangaroo care | 1 (3.7) | |
| Hand washing | 1 (3.7) | |
| No intervention | 3 (11.1) | |
| Main variables[ | Pain responses | |
| Physiological response (HR, PR, SpO2) | 14 (51.9) | |
| NIPS | 11 (40.7) | |
| FPRS | 11 (40.7) | |
| VAS | 4 (14.8) | |
| Skin reaction | 3 (11.1) | |
| PIPP | 3 (11.1) | |
| Duration of crying | 3 (11.1) | |
| Comfort behavior scale | 1 (3.7) | |
| NRS | 1 (3.7) | |
| Behavior observation checklist | 1 (3.7) | |
| PBCL | 1 (3.7) | |
| FLACC | 1 (3.7) | |
| OPS | 1 (3.7) | |
| Factors affecting pain alleviation | ||
| Knowledge about pharmacological nursing interventions for pain | 2 (7.4) | |
| Knowledge about non-pharmacological nursing interventions for pain | 2 (7.4) | |
| Self-efficacy about nursing interventions for pain | 2 (7.4) | |
| Barriers for pain management | 2 (7.4) | |
| PNKAS | 1 (3.7) |
Multiple results;
EMLA=Eutectic mixture of local anesthetics; FLACC=Face, legs, activity, cry, consolability; FPRS=Face pain rating scale; HR=Heart rate; NICU=Neonatal intensive care unit; NIPS=Neonatal infant pain scale; NRS=Numerical rating scale; OPS=Objective pain scale; PR=Pulse rate; PBCL=Procedure behavior check list; PIPP=Premature infant pain profile; PNKAS=Pediatric nurse's knowledge and attitude scale; SpO2=Saturation of percutaneous oxygen; VAS=Visual analogue scale.
Attributes of Pain Alleviation Intervention for Hospitalized Children
| Categories | Contents |
|---|---|
| Identifying pain triggers and the child's response to pain | 1. Various treatments and therapies may cause pain. |
| 2. A scientific and systematic assessment is important using a pain assessment scale that is appropriate for the child's developmental stage. | |
| 3. Pain assessment uses physiological responses, behavioral responses, and self-reporting. | |
| 4. Physiological responses mainly use heart rate, oxygen saturation, and respiratory rate. | |
| 5. Behavioral responses primarily include behavioral response scales (NIPS, behavioral observation checklist, PBCL, FLACC, PIPP, OPS), and crying time. | |
| 6. Self-report uses the FPRS and VAS. | |
| Effective strategies for pain relief | 1. Drugs such as analgesics and local anesthetics should be used. |
| 2. Nonmedical interventions include distraction, emotional support, therapeutic touch, and cold therapy. | |
| 3. It is effective to use the distraction with the drugs. | |
| 4. Distraction is effective to provide multiple stimuli of interest. | |
| 5. Drugs should be prescribed to be taken when necessary (PRN) to facilitate their use for nurses. | |
| 6. It is necessary to consider the child's developmental stage, temperament, disease status, previous pain experience, and coping strategy. | |
| 7. The children and family members should participate in the pain alleviation intervention. | |
| 8. Simple and cost-effective methods should be used. | |
| Nurses' competence in pain management | 1. The higher the knowledge of pain relief (alleviation) intervention, the higher the self-efficacy of pain relief intervention. |
| 2. Pharmacological pain relief intervention is limited. | |
| 3. Accurate knowledge of pain assessment is required (essential). | |
| 4. Knowledge of the pharmacological characteristics and side effects of drugs is needed. | |
| 5. Nurses should be sensitive to the child's complaints of pain. | |
| 6. Effective pain relief intervention strategies should be developed and applied. |
FLACC=Face, legs, activity, cry, consolability; FPRS=Face pain rating scale; NIPS=Neonatal infant pain scale; OPS=Objective pain scale; PBCL=Procedure behavior check list; PIPP=Premature infant pain profile; PRN=Pro re nata; VAS=Visual analogue scale.
Figure 2.Framework of attributes of pain alleviation interventions for hospitalized children.