| Literature DB >> 35004468 |
Sungjae Kim, Kyung-Sook Bang, Gumhee Lee, Jihee Lim, Yeseul Jeong, Min Kyung Song.
Abstract
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore the structure of variables in studies related to unmarried mothers (UMs) based on Neuman's systems model, and the stressors and stress responses of UMs.Entities:
Keywords: Depression; Mothers; Self concept; Stress, psychological
Year: 2020 PMID: 35004468 PMCID: PMC8650940 DOI: 10.4094/chnr.2020.26.2.238
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Child Health Nurs Res ISSN: 2287-9110
Figure 1.Figure 1-A. Neuman's systems model (Neuman, 2011). Figure 1-B. Structure of the relationships among stress-related variables in unmarried mothers.
Figure 2.Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flow diagram of the screening process.
Analysis of the Selected Studies (N=15)
| Authors (year) | Study design, N, major field, publicity (year age of children and mothers) | Stressors | Flexible line of defense/normal line of defense | Line of resistance | Basic structure | Stress responses | Reconstitution | Quality of selected studies |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chang (2018) | Cross, 133, social work, thesis (unclear, teens to 40s) | 1) Age of child | 4) Health condition | 5) Social support (SNG) | 6) Self-esteem (RSES) | 7) Parenting stress (K-PSI-SF) | 8) Job search efficacy (Jobs II Survey) | 7 |
| 2) Income | ||||||||
| 3) Education level | ||||||||
| Kim & Lee (2018) | Cross, 131, social work, journal (0~3, 13~19) | 1) Social prejudice (SPS) | 2) Parenting behavior (PBS) | 3) Resilience (RBS) | - | - | - | 7 |
| Oh (2018) | Cross, 211, social work, thesis (under 12, teens to over 30) | - | 1) Self-efficacy (SES) | 2) Social support (SSS) | 3) Self-esteem (RSES) | - | 4) Self-sufficiency outcome (SSO) | 7 |
| Oh & Kim. (2018) | Cross, 108, nursing, journal (0~6, teens to over 30) | 1) Age of child | 5) Health perception (HPQ) | 6) Social support (SSS) | - | 7) Parenting stress (K-PSI-SF) | - | 8 |
| 2) Health problem of child | ||||||||
| 3) Job | 8) Depression (BDI-II) | |||||||
| 4) Education level | ||||||||
| Kim (2017) | Cross, 252, social work, thesis (0~12, 15~44) | 1) Stress during pregnancy (DSP) | 6) Parenting sense of competence (PSOC) | 7) Social support (MSPSS) | 9) Adult attachment (AAS) | 11) Parenting stress (PSI-SF) | - | 7 |
| 2) Age of first giving birth | ||||||||
| 3) Age of child | 8) Support from baby's father | 10) Maternal attachment | 12) Depression (CESD-10) | |||||
| 4) Job | ||||||||
| 5) Grant support status | ||||||||
| Park & Lee (2017) | Cross, 94, psychology, journal (unclear, unclear) | 1) Health problem of mother | 3) Stress (stress scale) | 6) Character strength (CST) | 10) 5 factors of personality psychopathol ogy (PSY-5 in MMPI-II) | 11) Perception of stigma (PSS) | 12) Quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF) | 7 |
| 2) Job | 4) Parenting motivation (PMS), | 7) Support of parent | ||||||
| 5) Health condition | 8) Support of baby's father | 13) Parent role satisfaction (PRSS) | ||||||
| 9) Social support (SSS) | ||||||||
| Jung (2016) | Cross, 143, social work, thesis (0 to over 5, teens to 30s) | 1) Age | 5) Child-rearing attitudes (PCRAS) | - | 7) Parent play beliefs (PPBS) | 8) Parenting stress (PSI-SF) | - | 6 |
| 2) Age of child | ||||||||
| 3) Education level | 6) Parental bonding (PBI) | |||||||
| 4) Type of residence | ||||||||
| Park (2016) | Cross, 229, social work, dissertation (0 to over 3, 16~50s) | 1) Type of residence | 3) Parenting confidence | 5) Religion | 7) Self-esteem (RSES) | 8) Parenting stress (PSI-SF) | - | 7 |
| 2) Age of child | 4) Social network map (SNM) | 6) Social support (SNG) | 9) Depression (DRS) | |||||
| Lee & Choi (2014) | Cross, 122, child welfare, journal (unclear, teens to over 30) | 1) Cognition of social recognition (CSRS) | 4) Cognition of parental role (CPRS) | 5) Social support (SSS) | - | 7) Loneliness (RLS-UCLA) | 8) Adoption, parenting choice | 7 |
| 2) Age | 6) Experience of welfare service | |||||||
| 3) Perceived time about pregnancy | ||||||||
| Moon & Kim (2014) | Cross, 194, social work, journal (0~4, 16 to over 25) | None | 1) Maternal parenting self-efficacy (PMPS-E) | 3) Social support (SSS) | - | 4) Loneliness (RLS-UCLA) | - | 6 |
| 2) Parental bonding (PBI) | ||||||||
| Kim & Lee (2012) | Cross, 65, nursing, journal (7~10, teens to 39) | 1) Age | 3) Usual fatigue | 4) Social support (SSS) | 6) Self-esteem (RSES) | 7) State trait anxiety (STAI-K) | - | 8 |
| 2) Education level of baby's father | 5) Religion | |||||||
| Park et al. (2012) | Cross, 73, medicine, journal (0, 13~20) | None | 1) Disease status | - | - | - | 6 | |
| Cha & Je (2010) | Cross, 158, social work, journal (unclear, 19~30) | 1) Education level | 2) Family function (FAD) | - | 3) Differentiation of self (DOSS) | 4) Life position (LPS) | 6 | |
| Shin et al. (2010) | Cross, 27, medicine, journal (0 to under 19) | None | 1) Disease status | - | - | - | 6 | |
| Jang (2009) | Cross, 137, social work, thesis (0 to over 7, teens to 40s) | 1) Age | - | 6) Social support (SSS) | - | - | 7) Parental satisfaction (KPSS) | 7 |
| 2) Age of child | ||||||||
| 3) Social prejudice (SPS) | 8) Satisfaction with life (SWLS) | |||||||
| 4) Type of residence | ||||||||
| 5) Education level | ||||||||
| 33 | 17 | 20 | 9 | 12 | 8 |
AAS=Adult attachment scale; BDI-II=Beck depression inventory- II; CESD-10=Center of epidemiological studies depression scale revised; Cross=Cross-sectional study; CPRS=Cognition of parental role scale; CSRS=Cognition of social recognition scale; CST=Character strength test; DRS=Depression response scale; DSP=Distress scale for pregnancy; HPQ=Health perception questionnaire; K-PSI-SF=Korean version-parenting stress index-short form; MSPSS=Multi-dimensional scale of perceived social support; PBI=Parental bonding instrument; PBS=Parenting behavior scale; PCRAS=Parental child-rearing attitudes scale; PMS=Parenting motivation scale; PRSS=Parent role satisfaction scale; PPBS=Parent play beliefs scale; PSI-SF=Parenting stress index-short form; PSOC=Parenting sense of competence; PSS=Perception as a stigma scale; PSY-5 in MMPI-II=Personality psychopathology-five in Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory; RBS=Resiliency belief system; RLS-UCLA=Revised loneliness scale by University of California, Los Angeles; RSES=Rosenberg self-esteem scale; SES=Self-efficacy scale; SNG=Social network grid; SNM=Social network map; SPS=Social prejudice scale; SSO=Self-sufficiency outcome; SSS=Social support scale; WHOQOL-BREF=Brief form of the World Health Organization quality of life assessment instrument. DOSS=Differentiation of self scale; FAD=Family assessment device; KPSS=Kansas parental satisfaction scale; LPS=Life position scale; PBI=Parental bonding instrument; PMPS-E=Perceived maternal parenting self-efficacy; PMS=Parenting motivation scale; RLS-UCLA=Revised loneliness scale by University of California, Los Angeles; RSES=Rosenberg self-esteem scale; SPS=Social prejudice scale; SSS=Social support scale; STAI-K=State-trait anxiety inventory, Korea; SWLS=Satisfaction with life scale.
Characteristics of Selected Variables
| Variable categories | Stressors | Flexible line of defense / normal line of defense | Line of resistance | Basic structure | Stress responses | Reconstitution | No of variables | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I. Physiological | Health problem of mother (1), health problem of child(1) | Usual fatigue (1), health condition (2) | Disease status (2) | 7 | ||||
| II. Psychological | 31 | |||||||
| 1. Cognitive | Self-efficacy (1) | Self-esteem (4) | Satisfaction with life (1), life position (1) | 7 | ||||
| 2. Affective | Depression (3), state-trait anxiety (1) | 4 | ||||||
| 3. Behavioral | 0 | |||||||
| 4. Relational | Age of child (6), education level of baby's father (1) | Parental bonding (2), family function (1) | Support of baby's father (2), support of parent (1) | Adult attachment (1), maternal attachment (1) | Loneliness (2) | 17 | ||
| 1 + 2 + 3 | Resilience (1) | Differentiation of self (1), 5 factors of personality psychopathology (1) | 3 | |||||
| III. Sociocultural | Educational level (6), job (3), grant support (1), type of residence (3), income (1) | Social network map (1) | Experience of welfare service (1) | Self-sufficiency outcome (1), job search efficacy (1) | 18 | |||
| IV. Developmental | Age (4), first giving birth (1), perceived time about pregnancy (1) | Parenting self-efficacy related variables (3), cognition of parental role (2), parenting motivation (1), parenting behavior (1) | Parent play beliefs (1) | Parenting stress (5) | Parent role satisfaction (2), adoption/ parenting choice (1) | 22 | ||
| V. Spiritual | Social prejudice (3) | Religion (2) | Perception of stigma (1) | 6 | ||||
| I + II | Health perception (1) | 1 | ||||||
| I + II + III | Quality of life (1) | 1 | ||||||
| I + II + III+ IV | Stress during pregnancy (1) | Stress (1) | Character/ personality strength (1) | 3 | ||||
| III +V | Social support (10) | 10 | ||||||
| Total | 33 | 17 | 20 | 9 | 12 | 8 | 99 | |
Effect Size Related to Main Variables
| Variables | Categories | Related variables | k | ESr[ | SE | 95% CI | Z ( | Q[ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parenting stress | Protective[ | Self-esteem | 2 | -.64 | 0.06 | -.78~-.43 | -5.18 (<.001) | 6.92 (.009) |
| Parenting self-efficacy | 2 | -.54 | 0.01 | .60~.47 | -13.04 (<.001) | 0.39 (.531) | ||
| Social support | 3 | -.35 | 0.02 | -.49~-.20 | -6.24 (.044) | 6.24 (.044) | ||
| Sub-total | 7 | -.51 | 0.02 | -.56~-.45 | -14.41 (<.001) | 43.85 (<.001) | ||
| Risk[ | Depression | 3 | .53 | 0.04 | .36~.66 | 5.40 (<.001) | 12.80 (.002) | |
| Parenting self-efficacy | Protective | Social support | 2 | .25 | 0.15 | .13~.36 | 5.15 (<.001) | 1.65 (.199) |
| Risk | Depression | 2 | -.45 | 0.01 | -.51~-.37 | -10.43 (<.001) | 0.43 (.514) | |
| Self-esteem | Protective | Social support | 4 | .37 | 0.09 | .07~.61 | 2.40 (.017) | 46.49 (<.001) |
| Depression | Protective | Social support | 2 | -.24 | 0.01 | -.34~-.14 | -4.51 (<.001) | 0.39 (.532) |
Mean weighted correlational coefficients;
Variables that correlate with variables negatively;
Variables that correlate with variables positively;
Heterogeneity;
CI=Confidence interval; ESr=Correlational effect size; k=Objects numbers; Q=Observed weighted sum of squares.
| Author | X1 | X2 | X3 | X4 | X5 | X6 | X7 | X8 | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chang (2018) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
| Kim & Lee (2018) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
| Oh (2018) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
| Oh & Kim. (2018) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Kim (2017) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
| Park & Lee (2017) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
| Jung (2016) | 1 | 1 | UN | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| Park (2016) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
| Lee & Choi (2014) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
| Moon & Kim (2014) | 1 | 1 | UN | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| Kim & Lee (2012) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Park et al. (2012) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | NA | 6 |
| Cha & Je (2010) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| Shin et al. (2010) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | NA | 6 |
| Jang (2009) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
| Total | 15 (100.0) | 15 (100.0) | 13 (86.7) | 14 (93.3) | 2 (13.3) | 15 (100.0) | 15 (100.0) | 13 (86.7) |
NA=Not applicable; UN= Unclear; X1=Research question clearly stated?; X2=Study population clearly defined; X3=Response rate>50%; X4=All the subjects recruited from the similar population?; X5=Appropriate/ justified sample size; X6=Were the exposure measures clearly defined?; X7=Were the outcome measures clearly defined; X8=Confounding variables measured and adjusted statistically.