| Literature DB >> 35004466 |
Jung Ae Cho, Kyoung Hee Son, Hyun Young Eom, Seo Hae Lim, Yong Hoon Jun, Young Mee Ahn.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Nursing protocols for glucose management are well known for both healthy term newborns and high-risk newborns. However, for less risky newborns who are under only observation surveillance, hypoglycemia could be overlooked unless clinical symptoms develop.Entities:
Keywords: Glucose; Hypoglycemia; Neonatal intensive care units; Newborns
Year: 2020 PMID: 35004466 PMCID: PMC8650938 DOI: 10.4094/chnr.2020.26.2.212
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Child Health Nurs Res ISSN: 2287-9110
Characteristics of Subjects (N=91)
| Variables | Characteristics | Categories | n (%) or M±SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | Sex | Female | 53 (58.2) |
| Male | 38 (41.8) | ||
| Birth type | Vaginal | 27 (29.7) | |
| C/sec | 64 (70.3) | ||
| Multiple gestation | No | 72 (79.1) | |
| Yes | 19 (20.9) | ||
| Gestational week | 37.1±1.7 | ||
| Birth weight (gram) | 2,891.9±581.1 | ||
| Clinical characteristics | Infant health problems | No | 21 (23.1) |
| Yes[ | 70 (76.9) | ||
| Late preterm birth | 53 (58.2) | ||
| Respiratory instability | 19 (20.9) | ||
| Hyperthermia | 11 (12.1) | ||
| Others | 18 (19.8) | ||
| Maternal health problems | No | 34 (37.4) | |
| Yes[ | 57 (62.6) | ||
| Gestational diabetes | 31 (34.1) | ||
| Hypertension | 17 (18.7) | ||
| Others | 22 (24.2) |
Multiple responses possible;
C/sec=Cesarean section.
Variation in Glucose Levels by Characteristics of Subjects at Birth (N=91)
| Characteristics | n | Time points for the first 24 hours[ | C | T | I | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1a | 2b | 3c | 4d | 5e | 6f |
|
|
| |||
| M±SD | M±SD | M±SD | M±SD | M±SD | M±SD | F ( | F ( | F ( | |||
| Sex | Female | 53 | 58.6±18.8 | 60.7±13.0 | 71.1±13.2 | 74.0±14.3 | 70.0±14.5 | 79.0±17.1 | 0.21 | 10.95 | 0.50 |
| Male | 38 | 64.0±42.4 | 65.3±17.1 | 70.6±20.3 | 71.7±13.1 | 71.0±14.4 | 75.3±13.3 | (.665) | (.010) | (.778) | |
| Birth type | Vaginal | 27 | 73.4±48.2 | 62.7±17.5 | 60.7±14.5 | 71.1±13.9 | 72.9±17.4 | 77.3±18.2 | 0.01 | 0.93 | 4.55 |
| C/sec | 64 | 55.5±17.4 | 62.3±13.9 | 76.6±15.2 | 75.0±13.6 | 68.9±12.3 | 77.6±11.2 | (.943) | (.533) | (<.001) | |
| Multiple gestation | No | 72 | 63.0±33.9 | 64.8±15.3 | 69.3±16.7 | 72.2±12.5 | 70.6±15.6 | 77.2±15.5 | 0.22 | 4.64 | 1.54 |
| Yes | 19 | 52.4±11.5 | 53.5±8.0 | 75.9±16.3 | 77.7±19.4 | 69.6±6.4 | 78.3±12.9 | (.659) | (.059) | (.177) | |
| AGA | Yes | 65 | 63.1±34.4 | 62.7±15.1 | 72.1±16.3 | 75.2±13.6 | 74.2±13.0 | 78.2±15.9 | 13.35 | 12.10 | 0.41 |
| No | 26 | 55.1±18.6 | 61.6±14.1 | 62.0±18.5 | 67.5±13.0 | 63.0±14.1 | 75.5±12.3 | (.006) | (.008) | (.839) | |
| Low birth weight | No | 53 | 63.7±37.9 | 64.1±14.8 | 74.3±15.9 | 72.7±14.1 | 70.1±12.6 | 75.8±9.8 | 1.54 | 6.40 | 1.05 |
| Yes | 38 | 56.8±16.4 | 59.6±14.4 | 61.9±15.8 | 73.8±13.5 | 70.8±16.7 | 80.0±20.6 | (.263) | (.031) | (.391) | |
| Total | 91 | 60.8±30.8 | 62.4±14.7 | 70.8±16.7 | 73.1±13.8 | 70.4±14.3 | 77.4±14.9 | Post hoc Turkey | |||
| F=6.38, | |||||||||||
| a, b<d, f | |||||||||||
Time points for the first 24 hours=1: <2 hours after birth, 2: ≥2 and <4 hours after birth, 3: ≥4 and <6 hours after birth, 4: ≥6 and <12 hours after birth, 5: ≥12 and <18 hours after birth, 6: ≥18 and <24 hours after birth;
C/sec=Cesarean section; AGA=Appropriate for gestational age; C=Characteristics; T=Time; I=Interaction.
Figure 1.Variation in glucose levels in the first 24 hours of life of newborns under surveillance.
Variation in Glucose Levels by Clinical Characteristics of Subjects (N=91)
| Characteristics | n | Time points for 24 hours[ | C | T | I | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
|
|
| |||
| M±SD | M±SD | M±SD | M±SD | M±SD | M±SD | F ( | F ( | F ( | |||
| Preterm birth | No | 38 | 71.0±40.1 | 63.6±15.8 | 71.8±19.2 | 68.3±11.2 | 73.4±16.6 | 78.7±17.7 | 0.73 | 1.74 | 3.22 |
| Yes | 53 | 53.5±19.3 | 61.5±14.1 | 69.9±13.9 | 77.1±14.5 | 68.1±12.2 | 76.3±12.1 | (.429) | (.279) | (.007) | |
| Respiratory problems | No | 72 | 61.6±32.9 | 60.0±14.4 | 69.0±17.2 | 70.1±12.2 | 70.9±13.5 | 77.7±16.5 | 1.56 | 1.09 | 2.47 |
| Yes | 19 | 58.0±21.6 | 70.0±13.3 | 77.6±13.3 | 81.1±14.9 | 68.8±17.2 | 76.6±8.0 | (.265) | (.463) | (.033) | |
| Hyperthermia | No | 80 | 60.0±31.9 | 62.9±15.1 | 71.9±17.1 | 74.3±13.8 | 72.0±14.2 | 77.3±15.4 | 1.73 | 3.52 | 0.70 |
| Yes | 11 | 66.5±22.1 | 59.7±12.5 | 61.6±9.3 | 67.0±12.4 | 64.4±13.8 | 78.0±13.2 | (.239) | (.097) | (.624) | |
| Initial feeding | ≤2 hrs | 65 | 58.1±34.3 | 63.3±14.2 | 71.3±18.0 | 75.4±14.9 | 70.9±17.6 | 83.5±18.7 | 0.23 | 3.60 | 1.53 |
| >2 hrs | 26 | 67.6±18.6 | 61.2±15.6 | 70.6±16.3 | 71.1±12.6 | 70.0±12.1 | 73.5±10.4 | (.648) | (.094) | (.181) | |
| Gestational diabetes | No | 60 | 57.5±18.4 | 59.4±13.5 | 70.8±17.0 | 73.5±14.7 | 70.4±13.2 | 77.1±15.4 | 2.08 | 4.16 | 0.87 |
| Yes | 31 | 67.2±46.0 | 70.0±15.3 | 71.1±16.3 | 72.1±11.2 | 70.3±17.3 | 79.3±13.0 | (.197) | (.072) | (.498) | |
| Maternal hypertension | No | 74 | 57.1±19.6 | 62.3±13.6 | 71.9±15.2 | 72.6±13.2 | 70.4±11.7 | 76.4±11.6 | 0.60 | 1.25 | 2.16 |
| Yes | 17 | 76.9±59.0 | 62.8±20.5 | 59.8±29.3 | 77.5±18.4 | 70.1±23.8 | 86.0±33.2 | (.469) | (.408) | (.058) | |
Time points for the first 24 hours=1: <2 hours after birth, 2: ≥2 and <4 hours after birth, 3: ≥4 and<6 hours after birth, 4: ≥6 and <12 hours after birth, 5:≥12 and<18 hours after birth, 6:≥18 and<24 hours after birth;
C=Characteristics; T=Time; I=Interaction.
Comparison of Subjects' Characteristics by Hypoglycemic Episodes (N=91)
| Characteristics | Categories | Hypoglycemic episodes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n=60) | Yes (n=31) | |||
| n (%) or M±SD | n (%) or M±SD | |||
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 72.8±31.2 | 37.6±10.0 | 37.37 (<.001) | |
| Gestational week | 37.1±1.9 | 36.9±1.9 | 0.19 (.667) | |
| Birth weight (g) | 2,718.7±603.7 | 2,886.5±806.4 | 1.25 (.267) | |
| Sex | Female | 39 (73.6) | 14 (26.4) | 3.31 (.056) |
| Male | 21 (55.3) | 17 (44.7) | ||
| Birth type | Vaginal | 20 (74.1) | 7 (25.9) | 1.13 (.207) |
| C/sec | 40 (62.5) | 25 (37.5) | ||
| Preterm birth | No | 27 (71.1) | 11 (28.9) | 0.76 (.259) |
| Yes | 33 (62.3) | 20 (37.7) | ||
| Respiratory instability | No | 49 (68.1) | 23 (31.9) | 0.69 (.284) |
| Yes | 11 (57.9) | 8 (42.1) | ||
| Hyperthermia | No | 50 (62.5) | 30 (37.5) | 3.48 (.057) |
| Yes | 10 (90.9) | 1 (9.1) | ||
| Initial feeding | ≤2 hrs | 38 (58.5) | 27 (41.5) | 5.66 (.014) |
| >2 hrs | 22 (84.6) | 4 (15.4) | ||
| Maternal diabetes | No | 40 (66.7) | 20 (33.2) | 0.04 (>.999) |
| Yes | 60 (64.5) | 11 (35.5) | ||
| Maternal hypertension | No | 49 (66.2) | 25 (33.8) | 0.01 (>.999) |
| Yes | 11 (64.7) | 6 (35.3) | ||
C/sec=Cesarean section.