| Literature DB >> 35004429 |
Su Jin Lee, Eun Kyoung Choi, Jeongok Park, Hee Soon Kim.
Abstract
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between a flexible parental visiting environment and parental stress in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs).Entities:
Keywords: Emotional stress; Family nursing; Intensive care units, neonatal; Parents; Visitors to patients
Year: 2019 PMID: 35004429 PMCID: PMC8650991 DOI: 10.4094/chnr.2019.25.4.377
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Child Health Nurs Res ISSN: 2287-9110
General Characteristics of Subjects (N=60)
| Variables | Characteristics | Categories | n (%) | M±SD | Range |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Premature infants | Sex | Male | 38 (63.3) | ||
| Female | 22 (36.7) | ||||
| Gestational age (week) | 24~27 | 21 (35.0) | 29.70±3.40 | 24~36 | |
| 28~31 | 14 (23.3) | ||||
| 32~35 | 24 (40.0) | ||||
| 36~39 | 1 (1.7) | ||||
| Body weight (g) | <1,000 | 15 (25.0) | 1,463.92±681.56 | 510~3,130 | |
| 1,000~<2,000 | 31 (51.7) | ||||
| 2,000~<3,000 | 12 (20.0) | ||||
| 3,000~<4,000 | 2 (3.3) | ||||
| Delivery type | Vaginal | 12 (20.0) | |||
| Cesarean | 48 (80.0) | ||||
| Hospitalization period (day) | <30 | 23 (38.3) | 60.12±46.84 | 8~238 | |
| 30~<60 | 12 (20.0) | ||||
| 60~<90 | 9 (15.0) | ||||
| ≥90 | 16 (26.7) | ||||
| Respiratory treatment | Yes | 37 (61.7) | |||
| No | 23 (38.3) | ||||
| Feeding method | Oral feeding | 22 (36.7) | |||
| Gavage tube feeding | 29 (48.3) | ||||
| Oral & gavage tube | 9 (15.0) | ||||
| Parents | Sex | Male | 16 (26.7) | ||
| Female | 44 (73.3) | ||||
| Age (year) | 20~29 | 6 (10.0) | 35.22±3.81 | 25~41 | |
| 30~39 | 48 (80.0) | ||||
| 40~49 | 6 (10.0) | ||||
| Occupation | Yes | 41 (68.3) | |||
| No | 19 (31.7) | ||||
| Education level | ≤University | 49 (81.7) | |||
| ≥Graduate school | 11 (18.3) | ||||
| Religion | None | 23 (38.3) | |||
| Protestantism | 21 (35.0) | ||||
| Catholic | 13 (21.7) | ||||
| Buddhism | 3 (5.0) | ||||
| Monthly family income (10,000 won) | 100~<300 | 8 (13.3) | |||
| 300~<500 | 22 (36.7) | ||||
| 500~<700 | 16 (26.7) | ||||
| ≥700 | 14 (23.3) | ||||
| Pregnancy status | Planned | 52 (86.7) | |||
| Unplanned | 8 (13.3) | ||||
| Pregnancy type | Natural pregnancy | 42 (70.0) | |||
| Artificial pregnancy | 18 (30.0) |
Flexible Parental Visiting Environment and Parental Stress According to Characteristics of Subjects (N=60)
| Variables | Characteristics | Categories | Parental stress score | Flexible parental visiting environment | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| Total number of visits per week | Average duration of visits | Number of caregiving behaviors per visit | |||||||
| M±SD | t or F ( | M±SD | t or F ( | M±SD | t or F ( | M±SD | t or F ( | |||
| Premature infant | Sex | Male (n=38) | 3.56±0.51 | 0.26 | 8.86±4.06 | 3.05 | 64.91±34.26 | 0.04 | 1.62±0.95 | 0.49 |
| Female (n=22) | 3.52±0.41 | (.793) | 12.52±5.08 | (.003) | 65.24±33.90 | (.972) | 1.77±1.24 | (.626) | ||
| Gestational age (week) | ≺30 (n=27) | 3.69±0.46 | 2.26 | 10.56±5.35 | 0.53 | 71.08±31.67 | 1.26 | 1.83±1.15 | 1.00 | |
| ≥30 (n=33) | 3.42±0.46 | (.028) | 9.91±4.28 | (.601) | 60.08±35.22 | (.213) | 1.55±0.99 | (.322) | ||
| Body weight (g) | <1,460 (n=31) | 3.69±0.44 | 2.51 | 10.55±5.09 | 5.84 | 73.26±38.68 | 2.02 | 1.75±1.17 | 0.52 | |
| ≥1,460 (n=29) | 3.39±0.47 | (.015) | 9.83±4.44 | (.562) | 56.23±25.59 | (.048) | 1.60±0.95 | (.605) | ||
| Delivery type | Vaginal (n=12) | 3.61±0.33 | 0.68 | 8.05±3.06 | 2.36 | 46.05±18.40 | 3.23 | 1.31±1.04 | 1.33 | |
| Cesarean (n=48) | 3.53±0.50 | (.504) | 10.74±4.98 | (.026) | 69.77±35.26 | (.003) | 1.77±1.06 | (.191) | ||
| Hospitalization period (day) | ≺60 (n=35) | 3.71±0.53 | 1.55 | 10.37±4.62 | 0.32 | 76.86±38.44 | 2.38 | 1.58±1.01 | 0.79 | |
| ≥60 (n=25) | 3.91±0.44 | (.128) | 9.97±5.04 | (.751) | 56.58±27.71 | (.021) | 1.80±1.13 | (.434) | ||
| Respiratory therapy status | Yes (n=37) | 3.91±0.52 | 2.31 | 10.64±5.29 | 0.91 | 70.73±37.57 | 1.84 | 1.62±1.13 | 0.47 | |
| No (n=23) | 3.61±0.41 | (.024) | 9.49±3.77 | (.366) | 55.87±24.88 | (.071) | 1.76±0.95 | (.642) | ||
| Type of feeding | Oral feeding (n=22)a | 3.66±0.44 | 1.25 | 11.56±5.19 | 1.65 | 73.28±34.22 | 1.27 | 2.21±1.12 | 6.34 | |
| Gavage feeding (n=29)b | 3.89±0.57 | (.296) | 9.14±4.19 | (.201) | 62.29±34.51 | (.290) | 1.23±0.85 | (.003) | ||
| Oral & gavage feeding (n=9)c | 3.82±0.34 | 10.32±5.09 | 53.68±29.05 | 1.81±0.99 | b<a, c[ | |||||
| Parents | Sex | Male (n=16) | 3.66±0.41 | 1.25 | 10.91±4.51 | 0.69 | 46.47±25.02 | 2.69 | 1.29±0.85 | 1.71 |
| Female (n=48) | 3.84±0.52 | (.216) | 9.95±4.87 | (.495) | 71.78±34.32 | (.009) | 1.82±1.10 | (.092) | ||
| Age (year) | 20~34 (n=39) | 3.78±0.53 | 0.17 | 9.87±4.84 | 0.39 | 59.79±27.89 | 0.88 | 1.40±0.89 | 1.49 | |
| 35~50 (n=21) | 3.80±0.49 | (.866) | 10.38±4.77 | (.697) | 67.85±36.68 | (.384) | 1.82±1.12 | (.141) | ||
| Occupation | Yes (n=40) | 3.70±0.51 | 2.11 | 11.07±4.66 | 2.05 | 69.34±35.86 | 1.41 | 1.88±1.10 | 2.15 | |
| No (n=20) | 3.98±0.44 | (.039) | 8.47±4.60 | (.045) | 56.42±28.26 | (.165) | 1.27±0.87 | (.036) | ||
| Education level | ≤University (n=49) | 3.77±0.52 | 0.90 | 9.91±4.78 | 1.02 | 62.90±29.53 | 0.75 | 1.69±1.11 | 0.26 | |
| ≥Graduate school (n=11) | 3.92±0.37 | (.371) | 11.52±4.67 | (.315) | 74.50±49.50 | (.470) | 1.60±0.85 | (.796) | ||
| Religion | Yes (n=37) | 3.79±0.53 | 0.04 | 10.48±5.24 | 0.57 | 59.90±29.26 | 1.51 | 1.55±0.99 | 1.17 | |
| No (n=23) | 3.80±0.45 | (.966) | 9.76±3.93 | (.571) | 73.29±39.42 | (.137) | 1.88±1.15 | (.247) | ||
| Monthly family income (10,000 won) | <500 (n=30) | 3.78±0.53 | 0.21 | 9.50±4.67 | 1.14 | 64.45±38.52 | 0.13 | 1.53±1.11 | 1.06 | |
| ≥500 (n=30) | 3.81±0.48 | (.832) | 10.90±4.82 | (.260) | 65.61±29.07 | (.896) | 1.82±1.01 | (.293) | ||
| Pregnancy type | Natural pregnancy (n=42) | 3.71±0.47 | 2.09 | 10.61±5.35 | 1.26 | 66.30±35.58 | 0.44 | 1.70±1.10 | 0.22 | |
| Artificial pregnancy (n=18) | 4.00±0.53 | (.041) | 9.25±2.88 | (.211) | 62.05±30.13 | (.660) | 1.63±0.99 | (.828) | ||
Scheffé test, p<.050.
Correlations between a Flexible Parental Visiting Environment and Parental Stress (N=60)
| Variables | Parental stress | Flexible parental visiting environment | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| Total number of visits per week | Average duration of visits | Number of caregiving behaviors per visit | ||
| r | r | r | r | ||
| Parental stress | 1 | -.30[ | .50 | -.19 | |
| Flexible parental visiting environment | Total number of visits per week | 1 | .14 | .19 | |
| Average duration of visits | 1 | .73[ | |||
| Number of caregiving behaviors per visit | 1 | ||||
p<.050,
p<.001.
Flexible Visiting Experiences of Parents' (N=60)
| Variables | Categories | n | Rank |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hospital | Satisfied that you can visit at any time | 52 | 1 |
| Trust in the hospital | 8 | 9 | |
| Lack of a suitable environment for visitors | 8 | 9 | |
| Concerns about infection | 17 | 5 | |
| Medical staff | Satisfied with nurses educational and emotional support | 39 | 3 |
| Difficulty communicating with the doctor | 15 | 6 | |
| Understand the work of a nurse | 20 | 4 | |
| Parents | Experience of increased attachment to baby | 46 | 2 |
| Experience in parenting role | 12 | 8 | |
| Difficulty with autonomy in flexible visiting | 5 | 11 | |
| Tired of frequent visits | 1 | 13 | |
| The medical staff will be uncomfortable if the visit is long | 5 | 11 | |
| Feeling of comfort after flexible visiting | 14 | 7 |
| Categories | Date | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Day 1 | Day 2 | Day 3 | Day 4 | Day 5 | Day 6 | Day 7 | |
| 1. Bottle feeding | |||||||
| 2. Breast feeding | |||||||
| 3. Changing diapers or clothes | |||||||
| 4. Wiping face and hands | |||||||
| 5. Skin to skin contact (kangaroo care) | |||||||
| 6. Holding | |||||||
| Sum | |||||||
| Number of caregiving behaviors per visit | |||||||