| Literature DB >> 35004412 |
Abstract
PURPOSE: This study was conducted to determine the influence of ego-identity, parenting efficacy, and stress coping style on depression in mothers of toddlers.Entities:
Keywords: Child; Depression; Mothers; Parenting; preschool
Year: 2019 PMID: 35004412 PMCID: PMC8650911 DOI: 10.4094/chnr.2019.25.2.196
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Child Health Nurs Res ISSN: 2287-9110
General Characteristics of Participants (N=164)
| Variables | Characteristics | Categories | n (%) | M±SD |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child | Sex | Male | 73 (44.5) | |
| Female | 91 (55.5) | |||
| Age (month) | 12~24 | 62 (37.8) | 26.44±6.10 | |
| 25~36 | 102 (62.2) | |||
| Health perceived by mother | Good | 130 (79.3) | ||
| Not good | 34 (20.7) | |||
| Growth perceived by mother | Slow | 26 (15.9) | ||
| Moderate | 95 (57.9) | |||
| Fast | 43 (26.2) | |||
| Mother | Age (year) | 20~29 | 7 (4.3) | 35.96±3.85 |
| 30~39 | 127 (77.4) | |||
| ≥40 | 30 (18.3) | |||
| Number of children | 1 | 83 (50.6) | ||
| 2 | 65 (39.6) | |||
| 3 | 16 (9.8) | |||
| Employed | No | 92 (56.1) | ||
| Yes | 72 (43.9) | |||
| Spouse's job | Full-time | 108 (65.9) | ||
| Shift | 56 (34.1) | |||
| Perceived health status | Good | 78 (47.6) | ||
| Not good | 86 (52.4) | |||
| Economic level | High | 38 (23.2) | ||
| Middle | 114 (69.5) | |||
| Low | 12 (7.3) |
Scores for the Investigated Variables (N=164)
| Variables | n (%) | M±SD | Min | Max | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ego-identity | 3.23±0.55 | 1.33 | 4.65 | ||
| Parenting efficacy | 3.90±0.68 | 1.46 | 5.00 | ||
| Problem-focused coping | 1.34±0.46 | 0.10 | 2.71 | ||
| Emotion-focused coping | 1.10±0.30 | 0.35 | 1.96 | ||
| Depression | <16 | 102 (62.2) | 14.01±10.22 | 0.00 | 50.00 |
| ≥16 | 62 (37.8) |
Differences in Variables according to Participants' Characteristics (N=164)
| Variables | Characteristics | Categories | M±SD | t or F ( |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child | Sex | Male | 13.66±10.87 | 0.40 (.692) |
| Female | 14.30±9.71 | |||
| Age (month) | 12~24 | 14.65±9.99 | 0.62 (.538) | |
| 24~36 | 13.63±10.38 | |||
| Health perceived by mother | Good | 12.64±9.45 | 3.48 (.001) | |
| Not good | 19.26±11.43 | |||
| Growth perceived by mother | Slow | 17.08±11.59 | 2.49 (.086) | |
| Moderate | 14.28±10.67 | |||
| Fast | 11.56±7.62 | |||
| Mother | Age (year) | 20~29 | 22.86±16.59 | 2.94 (.056) |
| 30~39 | 13.42±9.30 | |||
| ≥40 | 14.47±11.55 | |||
| Number of children | 1 | 13.50±10.34 | 2.03 (.134) | |
| 2 | 13.51±8.90 | |||
| 3 | 18.88±13.53 | |||
| Employed | No | 15.50±11.69 | 2.24 (.027) | |
| Yes | 12.11±7.62 | |||
| Spouse's job | Full-time | 12.13±8.59 | 3.05 (.003) | |
| Shift | 17.64±12.06 | |||
| Perceived health status | Good | 10.23±6.84 | 4.93 (<.001) | |
| Not good | 17.44±11.52 | |||
| Economic level | Higha | 9.74±7.58 | 24.22 (<.001) | |
| Middleb | 13.71±9.18 | a, b<c[ | ||
| Lowc | 30.42±10.22 |
Scheffé test, p<.050.
Correlations between Variables (N=164)
| Variables | Ego-identity | Parenting efficacy | Problem-focused coping | Emotion-focused coping | Depression |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| r ( | r ( | r ( | r ( | r ( | |
| Ego-identity | 1 | ||||
| Parenting efficacy | .63 (<.001) | 1 | |||
| Problem-focused coping | .60 (<.001) | .56 (<.001) | 1 | ||
| Emotion-focused coping | -.21 (.007) | .04 (.576) | .25 (.001) | 1 | |
| Depression | -.75 (<.001) | -.48 (<.001) | -.41 (<.001) | .18 (.024) | 1 |
Factors Influencing Depression of Mothers of Toddlers (N=164)
| Variables (reference) | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | SE | β | t ( | B | SE | β | t ( | |
| (Constant) | 33.99 | 2.65 | 12.84 (<.001) | 59.02 | 4.79 | 12.32 (<.001) | ||
| Child's health perceived by mother (good) | -2.92 | 1.73 | -12 | 1.69 (.093) | -1.55 | 1.44 | -.06 | 1.08 (.282) |
| Employed (yes) | -0.87 | 1.38 | -.04 | 0.63 (.528) | -0.36 | 1.10 | -.02 | 0.33 (.746) |
| Spouse's job (full-time) | -1.60 | 1.49 | -.07 | 1.07 (.286) | -0.33 | 1.19 | -.02 | 0.28 (.783) |
| Perceived health (good) | -5.03 | 1.40 | -.25 | 3.60 (<.001) | -2.46 | 1.15 | -.12 | 2.14 (.034) |
| Economic status (high) | -17.26 | 2.94 | -.72 | 5.88 (<.001) | -8.41 | 2.63 | -.35 | 3.20 (.002) |
| Economic status (middle) | -14.16 | 2.66 | -.64 | 5.32 (<.001) | -7.22 | 2.29 | -.33 | 3.16 (.002) |
| Ego-identity | -12.88 | 1.61 | -.69 | 8.01 (<.001) | ||||
| Parenting efficacy | 0.06 | 1.08 | .00 | 0.06 (.955) | ||||
| Problem-focused coping | 2.18 | 1.68 | .09 | 1.29 (.197) | ||||
| Emotion-focused coping | 0.61 | 2.08 | .02 | 0.29 (.770) | ||||
| R2=.34, Adj. R2=.31, F=13.32, | R2=.60, Adj. R2=.58, F=23.22, | |||||||