| Literature DB >> 35004409 |
Abstract
PURPOSE: This study investigated differences in the relationships of factors including emotional problems, self-perception, parental behavior, and peer attachment with smartphone dependency (SD) among middle school, high school, and college students in South Korea.Entities:
Keywords: Adolescents; Dependency; Smartphone; Young adult
Year: 2019 PMID: 35004409 PMCID: PMC8650914 DOI: 10.4094/chnr.2019.25.2.165
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Child Health Nurs Res ISSN: 2287-9110
Comparison of Smartphone Ownership and Smartphone Dependency among the Three Groups (N=5,329)
| Variables | Categories | Middle schoola (n=2,002) | High schoolb (n=1,979) | Collegec (n=1,348) |
| Duncan | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) or M±SD | n (%) or M±SD | n (%) or M±SD | |||||
| Type of cell phone | Smartphone | 1,882 (94.0) | 1,821 (92.0) | 1,346 (99.8) | 126.45 | <.001 | |
| Smartphone dependency | 15.20±4.64 | 16.00±4.37 | 17.29±4.29 | 86.55 | <.001 | a<b<c | |
| Flip phone | 54 (2.7) | 112 (5.7) | 1 (0.1) | ||||
| Not owned | 65 (3.2) | 46 (2.3) | 1 (0.1) | ||||
| Missing | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Comparison of Smartphone Dependency by General Characteristics among the Three Groups (N=5,049)
| Variables | Categories | Middle school (n=1,882) | High school (n=1,821) | College (n=1,346) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M±SD | t or F |
| M±SD | t or F |
| Duncan | M±SD | t or F |
| ||
| Gender | Male | 14.49±4.49 | 6.75 | <.001 | 15.40±4.41 | 6.22 | <.001 | 16.14±3.99 | 9.52 | <.001 | |
| Female | 15.92±4.67 | 16.66±4.24 | 18.29±4.30 | ||||||||
| Geographic region | Urban | 15.18±4.55 | 0.29 | .977 | 16.06±4.38 | 1.94 | .053 | 17.38±4.29 | 1.32 | .187 | |
| Rural | 15.17±4.89 | 15.50±4.24 | 16.96±4.37 | ||||||||
| Economic status | Higha | 15.20±4.98 | 1.60 | .201 | 15.43±4.63 | 7.40 | .001 | a<b, c | 17.49±4.12 | 0.44 | .644 |
| Middleb | 15.13±4.43 | 16.11±4.27 | 17.27±4.28 | ||||||||
| Lowc | 16.07±4.09 | 16.66±4.19 | 17.13±4.50 | ||||||||
| Subjective health status | Healthy | 15.19±4.64 | 0.46 | .647 | 16.97±4.41 | 1.33 | .185 | 17.27±4.31 | 0.30 | .762 | |
| Unhealthy | 15.43±4.52 | 16.48±3.71 | 17.41±4.12 | ||||||||
Relationships among Smartphone Dependency, Emotional Problems, Self-perceptions, Parental Behavior, and Peer Attachment in Middle School, High School, and College Students
| Groups | Variables | Categories | SD | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | (11) | (12) | (13) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| r | r | r | r | r | r | r | r | r | r | r | r | r | r | |||
| Middle school | Emotional problem | (1) Aggressive behavior | .38[ | |||||||||||||
| (2) Depression | .35[ | .62[ | ||||||||||||||
| Self-perception | (3) Self-esteem | -.34[ | -.44[ | -.67[ | ||||||||||||
| (4) Resilience | -.20[ | -.27[ | -.39[ | .49[ | ||||||||||||
| (5) Ego-identity | -.34[ | -.37[ | -.48[ | .56[ | .44[ | |||||||||||
| Parental behavior | (6) Monitoring | -.19[ | -.27[ | -.29[ | .33[ | .34[ | .25[ | |||||||||
| (7) Affection | -.19[ | -.28[ | -.36[ | .44[ | .45[ | .31[ | .55[ | |||||||||
| (8) Inconsistency | .22[ | .29[ | .26[ | -.34[ | -.07[ | -.29[ | -.15[ | -.25[ | ||||||||
| (9) Over-expectation | .15[ | .20[ | .13[ | -.19[ | .07[ | -.16[ | .01 | -.05[ | .56[ | |||||||
| (10) Intrusiveness | .25[ | .29[ | .25[ | -.32[ | -.05[ | -.27[ | -.12[ | -.27[ | .65[ | .70[ | ||||||
| (11) Reasoning | -.12[ | -.24[ | -.26[ | .32[ | .40[ | .25[ | .41[ | .67[ | -.15[ | -.02 | -.17[ | |||||
| Peer attachment | (12) Communication | -.13[ | -.21[ | -.33[ | .38[ | .48[ | .33[ | .39[ | .48[ | -.12[ | .03 | -.10[ | .40[ | |||
| (13) Trust | -.13[ | -.20[ | -.34[ | .40[ | .49[ | .31[ | .38[ | .45[ | -.13[ | .01 | -.11[ | .35[ | .79[ | |||
| (14) Alienation | .19[ | .26[ | .32[ | -.37[ | -.14[ | -.31[ | -.14[ | -.14[ | .41[ | .34[ | .40[ | -.07[ | -.21[ | -.25[ | ||
| High school | Emotional problem | (1) Aggressive behavior | .34[ | |||||||||||||
| (2) Depression | .32[ | .57[ | ||||||||||||||
| Self-perception | (3) Self-esteem | -.28[ | -.39[ | -.67[ | ||||||||||||
| (4) Resilience | -.24[ | -.25[ | -.42[ | .51[ | ||||||||||||
| (5) Ego-identity | -.29[ | -.36[ | -.46[ | .57[ | .47[ | |||||||||||
| Parental behavior | (6) Monitoring | -.27[ | -.25[ | -.27[ | .32[ | .30[ | .27[ | |||||||||
| (7) Affection | -.25[ | -.30[ | -.35[ | .41[ | .37[ | .32[ | .55[ | |||||||||
| (8) Inconsistency | .27[ | .34[ | .28[ | -.31[ | -.10[ | -.25[ | -.24[ | -.38[ | ||||||||
| (9) Over-expectation | .15[ | .16[ | .13[ | -.24[ | .01 | -.15[ | -.06[ | -.19[ | .52[ | |||||||
| (10) Intrusiveness | .23[ | .29[ | .22[ | -.28[ | -.05[ | -.21[ | -.13[ | -.28[ | .61[ | .73[ | ||||||
| (11) Reasoning | -.21[ | -.23[ | -.28[ | .29[ | .36[ | .23[ | .41[ | .66[ | -.26[ | -.14[ | -.20[ | |||||
| Peer attachment | (12) Communication | -.15[ | -.26[ | -.35[ | .40[ | .44[ | .35[ | .37[ | .44[ | -.18[ | -.05 | -.13[ | .35[ | |||
| (13) Trust | -.12[ | -.24[ | -.36[ | .41[ | .43[ | .34[ | .35[ | .39[ | -.19[ | -.06[ | -.12[ | .30[ | .77[ | |||
| (14) Alienation | .23[ | .25[ | .30[ | -.33[ | -.18[ | -.27[ | -.18[ | -.18[ | .37[ | .28[ | .33[ | -.13[ | -.25[ | -.34[ | ||
| College | Emotional problem | (1) Aggressive behavior | .25[ | |||||||||||||
| (2) Depression | .28[ | .59[ | ||||||||||||||
| Self-perception | (3) Self-esteem | -.22[ | -.40[ | -.64[ | ||||||||||||
| (4) Resilience | -.24[ | -.24[ | -.40[ | .52[ | ||||||||||||
| (5) Ego-identity | -.30[ | -.27[ | -.47[ | .55[ | .51[ | |||||||||||
| Parental behavior | (6) Monitoring | -.15[ | -.11[ | -.11[ | .12[ | .15[ | .17[ | |||||||||
| (7) Affection | -.14[ | -.24[ | -.29[ | .37[ | .31[ | .25[ | .37[ | |||||||||
| (8) Inconsistency | .19[ | .25[ | .23[ | -.31[ | -.12[ | -.24[ | -.07[ | -.40[ | ||||||||
| (9) Over-expectation | .19[ | .14[ | .13[ | -.22[ | -.05[ | -.14[ | -.01 | -.28[ | .53[ | |||||||
| (10) Intrusiveness | .21[ | .22[ | .20[ | -.30[ | -.12[ | -.24[ | -.05 | -.40[ | .61[ | .69[ | ||||||
| (11) Reasoning | -.11[ | -.17[ | -.24[ | .23[ | .22[ | .18[ | .32[ | .61[ | -.32[ | -.19[ | -.30[ | |||||
| Peer attachment | (12) Communication | -.08[ | -.20[ | -.26[ | .39[ | .37[ | .33[ | .26[ | .37[ | -.22[ | -.16[ | -.21[ | .28[ | |||
| (13) Trust | -.03 | -.18[ | -.23[ | .37[ | .31[ | .29[ | .22[ | .34[ | -.23[ | -.17[ | -.21[ | .23[ | .72[ | |||
| (14) Alienation | .12[ | .18[ | .21[ | -.35[ | -.15[ | -.26[ | -.12[ | -.17[ | .36[ | .32[ | .33[ | -.13[ | -.32[ | -.37[ |
SD=Smartphone dependency;
p<.050;
p<.010.
Comparison of the Factors Affecting the Smartphone Dependency among the Three Groups
| Groups | Categories | R2 | Adj. R2 | B | β | t |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Middle school | (Constants) | 17.76 | 14.97 | <.001 | |||
| Aggressive behavior | .38 | .14 | 0.30 | 0.22 | 9.57 | <.001 | |
| Ego-identity | .44 | .19 | -0.22 | -0.16 | 6.48 | <.001 | |
| Gender: female | .46 | .21 | 1.55 | 0.17 | 8.14 | <.001 | |
| Parental behavior: intrusiveness | .48 | .23 | 0.24 | 0.14 | 6.26 | <.001 | |
| Self-esteem | .49 | .23 | -0.08 | -0.09 | 3.25 | .001 | |
| Parental behavior: monitoring | .49 | .24 | -0.14 | -0.05 | 2.26 | .024 | |
| R2=.49, F=97.49, | |||||||
| High school | (Constants) | 15.27 | 11.80 | <.001 | |||
| Aggressive behavior | .34 | .12 | 0.22 | 0.16 | 6.09 | <.001 | |
| Parental behavior: monitoring | .39 | .15 | -0.42 | -0.16 | 7.11 | <.001 | |
| Ego-identity | .42 | .17 | -0.12 | -0.09 | 3.52 | <.001 | |
| Gender: female | .44 | .19 | 1.20 | 0.14 | 6.35 | <.001 | |
| Parental behavior: inconsistency | .46 | .21 | 0.18 | 0.08 | 2.89 | .004 | |
| Peer attachment: alienation | .46 | .21 | 0.21 | 0.09 | 3.82 | <.001 | |
| Peer attachment: trust | .47 | .22 | 0.32 | 0.12 | 4.72 | <.001 | |
| Resilience | .48 | .22 | -0.07 | -0.10 | 3.75 | <.001 | |
| Parental behavior: intrusiveness | .48 | .23 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 2.90 | .004 | |
| Depression | .48 | .23 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 1.98 | .048 | |
| R2=.48, F=54.18, | |||||||
| College | (Constants) | 19.39 | 14.87 | <.001 | |||
| Ego-identity | .30 | .09 | -0.25 | -0.19 | 6.42 | <.001 | |
| Gender: female | .38 | .14 | 1.94 | 0.23 | 9.05 | <.001 | |
| Parental behavior: over-expectation | .41 | .17 | 0.32 | 0.17 | 6.62 | <.001 | |
| Parental behavior: monitoring | .43 | .18 | -0.35 | -0.15 | 5.79 | <.001 | |
| Aggressive behavior | .45 | .20 | 0.18 | 0.13 | 4.97 | <.001 | |
| Peer attachment: trust | .46 | .21 | 0.35 | 0.12 | 4.63 | <.001 | |
| Resilience | .47 | .21 | -0.08 | -0.09 | 3.22 | .001 | |
| R2=.47, F=42.15, | |||||||
Reference=Gender (male).