A lectin, peanut agglutinin, as a probe for the extracellular matrix in living neuromuscular junctions.

The extracellular matrix plays important roles in the differentiation of synapses. To identify molecules concentrated specifically in the synaptic extracellular matrix, fluorescently-labelled lectins were applied to neuromuscular junctions. A lectin, peanut agglutinin (PNA), stains the neuromuscular region selectively and irreversibly (up to at least 3 weeks in situ), outlining the periphery of the nerve terminal arborization in the frog. Snake neuromuscular junctions also stain intensely with fluorescent PNA, while mouse diaphragm staining is faint. At the electron microscopic level, the reaction products of horseradish peroxidase-conjugated PNA are found primarily in the extracellular matrix flanking Schwann cells in the frog endplate regions. Fluorescently labelled PNA does not affect synaptic potentials and can serve as a simple stain for correlating functional studies of living neuromuscular junctions. Moreover, it can be combined with a presynaptic dye to observe nerve terminals and synaptic extracellular matrix in the same junctions in situ. This report reveals the existence of synapse-specific carbohydrates associated with Schwann cell extracellular matrix in the frog neuromuscular junction. The specific binding and its physiological compatibility make PNA a useful probe for further investigation of synaptic differentiation, plasticity and maintenance.