OBJECTIVES: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represents a serious public health problem. Environmental toxins, other than infectious agents or exposures can stimulate immune responses which are associated with the occurrence of T2DM. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a serious complication of diabetes that leads to changes in the structure and function of the kidneys. The study aimed to detect diagnostic biomarkers for (DN), at an early stage, to prevent disease progression in these patients and improve their outcomes. METHODS: This study was performed on 102 T2DM patients and 80 normal controls. Blood glucose, HbA1c, serum homocysteine (Hcy) and urinary periostin were assessed. Patients were divided into: controlled (n=46) (HbA1c <6.5%) and uncontrolled diabetics (n=56) (HbA1c >6.5%). RESULTS: The study results revealed a significant rise in blood glucose and HbA1c as well as serum Hcy levels in diabetic groups compared to controls. Also, urinary periostin exhibited significant elevation in diabetic groups. Serum glucose, HbA1c and serum Hcy revealed a highly significant difference between diabetic subgroups and control groups, while urinary periostin demonstrated a non-significant difference. Only, urinary periostin showed a significant increase in uncontrolled diabetics. CONCLUSIONS: The highest levels of serum Hcy and urinary periostin were recorded only in the uncontrolled diabetics. Urinary periostin was demonstrated as a more preferable biomarker being a non-invasive sample for predicting renal insult in diabetic subjects. This biomarker could be performed regularly for early detection of DN. Also, it could be added to the periodic medical examinations of workers occupationally exposed to workplace pollutants inducing diabetes.
OBJECTIVES: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represents a serious public health problem. Environmental toxins, other than infectious agents or exposures can stimulate immune responses which are associated with the occurrence of T2DM. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a serious complication of diabetes that leads to changes in the structure and function of the kidneys. The study aimed to detect diagnostic biomarkers for (DN), at an early stage, to prevent disease progression in these patients and improve their outcomes. METHODS: This study was performed on 102 T2DM patients and 80 normal controls. Blood glucose, HbA1c, serum homocysteine (Hcy) and urinary periostin were assessed. Patients were divided into: controlled (n=46) (HbA1c <6.5%) and uncontrolled diabetics (n=56) (HbA1c >6.5%). RESULTS: The study results revealed a significant rise in blood glucose and HbA1c as well as serum Hcy levels in diabetic groups compared to controls. Also, urinary periostin exhibited significant elevation in diabetic groups. Serum glucose, HbA1c and serum Hcy revealed a highly significant difference between diabetic subgroups and control groups, while urinary periostin demonstrated a non-significant difference. Only, urinary periostin showed a significant increase in uncontrolled diabetics. CONCLUSIONS: The highest levels of serum Hcy and urinary periostin were recorded only in the uncontrolled diabetics. Urinary periostin was demonstrated as a more preferable biomarker being a non-invasive sample for predicting renal insult in diabetic subjects. This biomarker could be performed regularly for early detection of DN. Also, it could be added to the periodic medical examinations of workers occupationally exposed to workplace pollutants inducing diabetes.