RNA sequencing reveals the circular RNA expression profiles of the infrapatellar fat pad/synovium unit.

BACKGROUND: The infrapatellar fat pad (IPFP) and synovium are reported to act as a functional unit, with emerging roles in the pathophysiology of knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved in the pathogenesis of KOA, especially in cartilage homeostasis regulation. Nevertheless, the regulatory mechanisms of circRNAs in the KOA IPFP/synovium unit remain to be elucidated. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate alterations in the expression of circRNAs and predict their functions in the KOA IPFP/synovium unit using bioinformatics analysis.
METHODS: In brief, 6 synovium and IPFP specimens were collected, in which 3 from patients with KOA and 3 from controls. Then, circRNA sequencing was conducted on 2 KOA synovium and IPFP specimens as well as 1 control to investigate the expression profiles of circRNAs. Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Reactome signaling pathway analyses were employed to predict the functions of the differentially expressed circRNAs. Based on the miRNA sponge theory, we constructed a circRNA-miRNA network to predict the molecular regulatory mechanism of these circRNAs. Venn analysis was performed to confirm the circRNAs and miRNAs expressed in both synovium and IPFP. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was also used to validate the expression levels of circRNAs that were co-expressed in both synovium and IPFP.
RESULTS: A total of 65 and 72 circRNAs were differentially expressed in KOA synovium and IPFP, respectively (fold change ≥2, P<0.05). After obtaining the parental genes of differentially expressed circRNAs, the top 10 enrichment GO entries, KEGG pathways, and Reactome pathways were annotated. Furthermore, hsa_circ_0005265 was found to be down-regulated in both synovium and IPFP, which was validated by qRT-PCR. The circRNA-miRNA network was created to annotate the probable regulatory mechanisms of the differentially expressed circRNAs, which consequently confirmed 2 target miRNAs (hsa-miR-6769b-5p and hsa-miR-1249-5p) associated with hsa_circ_0005265 in both synovium and IPFP.
CONCLUSIONS: Our outcomes bring us closer to understanding the potential mechanism of the IPFP/synovium unit in the progression of KOA and finding new molecular targets for KOA therapy. 2021 Annals of Translational Medicine. All rights reserved.

Introduction

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is one of the most common degenerative joint diseases and the main cause of joint pain and disability. The main causes leading to KOA included articular cartilage destruction, subchondral bone remodeling, synovitis, and osteophyte formation (1,2). With the increasing aging population, KOA is expected to be the single greatest cause of disability in the general population by 2030 (3). Despite the increasing prevalence, the detailed molecular mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of KOA remains unknown. In recent years, it has been gradually recognized that KOA is a whole-joint disease (4). Researchers have begun to focus on the crosstalk (the adjacent anatomical location, highly similar pathological changes or composition of inflammatory cells, tight molecular communication) between the infrapatellar fat pad (IPFP) and synovium (5,6). Moreover, several studies have demonstrated that the IPFP and synovium act as an anatomo-functional unit which plays a vital role in the inflammation cascade and cartilage degradation by secreting various cytokines, adipokines, fatty acids, and fatty acid derivatives (5-8). These studies suggest that the IPFP/synovium unit may be a novel target for KOA.

As a type of non-coding RNA, circular RNAs (circRNAs) are widely exist in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells (9). CircRNAs are characterized by covalently closed-loop structures and high tissue-specific expression (10), and are thus involved in the regulation of transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene expression (11). Different from linear RNAs, circRNAs are more stable in vivo and can be stored in exosomes (12). Due to these characteristics, circRNAs have acted as potential diagnostic molecular biomarkers for various diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (13), rheumatoid arthritis (14), and atherosclerosis (15), among others. Recently, studies showed that circRNAs function as miRNA sponges that competitively suppress miRNA activity, which subsequently affects the downstream mRNA expression (16). To date, previous studies have only explored the link between circRNAs and KOA on cartilage (17-19) or synovium respectively (20), however, there is no study focusing on the circRNAs expression profile in the IPFP/synovium unit.

In the present study, we reported differential expression profiles of circRNAs in KOA IPFP and synovium. Then, a series of systematic bioinformatics analyses were performed to clarify the circRNAs that are vital for the progression of KOA. Furthermore, an IPFP/synovium unit-related circRNA, hsa_circ_0005265, and its target miRNAs (hsa-miR-6769b-5p and hsa-miR-1249-5p) were identified in both IPFP and synovium for the first time. Thus, the current study intended to draw attention to the role of the IPFP/synovium unit in KOA development, and provide new insights into the pathogenesis of KOA. We present the following article in accordance with the MDAR reporting checklist (available at https://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm-21-5739).

Methods

IPFP and synovium samples

IPFP and synovium were harvested from patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for end-stage KOA (KOA group, n=3) or from patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) after traumatic rupture (normal control group, n=3) in Guangdong Second Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital (Guangzhou, China). For each patient, small biopsies of IPFP and synovium were obtained during TKA or ACLR surgery. Then, tissues were stored in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) with 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) and quickly frozen in liquid nitrogen. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). This study was approved by the Human Ethics Committee of Guangdong Second Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital (approval code: 2020K56, approval date: 24 November 2020), and all participants signed informed consent.

Total RNA extraction

Total RNA from IPFP and synovium was isolated using Takara RNAiso Plus (total RNA extraction reagent) based on the manufacturer’s instructions. The concentration and integrity of the extracted total RNA was estimated by the Qubit 3.0 Fluorometer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (Applied Biosystems, Carlsbad, CA, USA), respectively. As a result, an RNA integrity number value of at least 7.0 or higher were used for further processing.

Library preparation, investigation, clustering, and circRNA sequencing

Two µg of total RNA was used to construct the RNA-seq library by KAPA RNA HyperPrep Kit with RiboErase (HMR) for Illumina® (Kapa Biosystems, Inc., Woburn, MA, USA). In brief, ribosomal RNA was removed from the total RNA. The ribosome-depleted RNA was incubated for 30 min at 37 °C with 10 units of RNase R (Epicentre Technologies, Madison, WI, USA) and purified with VAHTS RNA Clean Beads. Next, the ribominus RNase R (+) RNAs were fragmented and the first strand and directional second strand were synthesised. Then, the A tailing and adapter ligation were performed with the purified cDNA. Finally, the purified, adapter-ligated DNA was amplified. A DNA 1000 chip on an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer was used to assess the library quality and concentration. Accurate quantification for sequencing applications was determined using the qPCR-based KAPA Biosystems Library Quantification kit (Kapa Biosystems, Inc., Woburn, MA, USA). Each library was diluted to a final concentration of 10 nM and pooled equimolar before clustering. The grouping of the index-coded samples was achieved on a cBot cluster generation system with TruSeq PE Cluster Kit v4-cBot-HS (Illumina) as per the supplier’s protocol. Following the creation of the clusters, the libraries were sequenced on an Illumina Hiseq 4000 platform and 150 bp paired-end reads were created.

Differential circRNA expression analysis

CIRI software (21) was used to recognize circRNAs. The expression of specific circRNAs was quantified by Spliced reads per billion mapping (SRPBM) (22). Then, the differentially expressed circRNAs were analyzed by DEGseq, which was suggested depending on an MA-plot. A P value was calculated for every circRNA. The differentially expressed circRNAs were selected using the following filter criteria: P value <0.05 and fold change ≥2.

Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Reactome analyses

The GO enrichment of differentially expressed circRNAs was analyzed by DAVID (Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery) (23). The GO analysis was divided into 3 parts: biological process (BP), cellular component (CC), and molecular function (MF). The KEGG and Reactome enrichment analyses were performed to predict the related pathways of the parental genes of differentially expressed circRNAs. A P value of <0.05 reflected significant enrichment.

Creation of the circRNA-miRNA interaction network

Based on total-score and total-energy analyzed by miRanda and TargetScan (24), we predicted the circRNA-miRNA interaction networks and visualized it by using Cytoscape software.

Venn analysis

Venn analysis was conducted to identify the circRNAs and miRNAs expressed in both synovium and IPFP.

Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis

A circRNA (hsa_circ_0005265) co-differentially expressed in both IPFP and synovium was selected to verify its differential expression levels by qRT-PCR. Briefly, cDNA was produced from total RNA by a Prime-Script RT reagent kit with gDNA Eraser (TaKaRa, Japan). The primers used for qRT-PCR are listed as follows: hsa_circ_0005265 (forward: 5'-CACTGAGTGGTAATGGATGATGC-3', reverse: 5'-GCTGAATGTTGGTGCCACAG-3'), GAPDH (forward: 5'-AAAGCCTGCCGGTGACTAAC-3', reverse: 5'-TTCCCGTTCTCAGCCTTGAC-3'). GAPDH acted as an internal control for the circRNA. All data are representative of 3 independent experiments performed in triplicate. The 2−ΔΔCt method was used to examine the relative expression levels of hsa_circ_0005265.

Statistical analysis

Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD). Statistical significance was tested by Student’s t-test, and a P value <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. CircRNAs demonstrating fold changes of ≥2 and P values of <0.05 were regarded as significantly differentially expressed. All experiments were performed and analyzed in triplicate. Data analysis was performed with GraphPad Prism 7.0.

Results

The circRNA expression profiles in KOA synovium and IPFP

Differentially expressed circRNAs of KOA IPFP and synovium were displayed by heatmap and volcano plots after fold-change filtering (shown in ).

Figure 1

The circRNAs expression profiles between the KOA IPFP/synovium unit and normal controls. (A,C) Clustered heatmap of the differentially expressed circRNAs in KOA synovium and IPFP. Rows represent circRNAs while columns represent tissues. (B,D) Volcano plots were constructed based on fold change and P values. The red and green points represent the up-regulated or down-regulated circRNAs with statistical significance, respectively. circRNAs, circular RNAs; KOA, knee osteoarthritis; IPFP, infrapatellar fat pad.

In synovium, we identified a total of 65 circRNAs that were differentially expressed, including 40 up-regulated and 25 down-regulated circRNAs (). According to the annotation of these circRNAs based on the RefSeq database, among the up-regulated circRNAs, 37 were transcribed from the exonic region, 1 from the intronic region, and 2 from the intergenic region, whereas the down-regulated circRNAs consisted of 21 from the exonic region, 1 from the intronic region, 2 from the intergenic region, and 1 from other genomic regions. Overall, in KOA IPFP, 72 circRNAs were found to be significantly differentially expressed, comprising 42 up-regulated and 30 down-regulated circRNAs (). For the up-regulated circRNAs, 37 were transcribed from the exonic region, 3 from the intronic region, and 2 from the intergenic region. However, the down-regulated circRNAs consisted of 25 from the exonic region and 5 from the intronic region. Moreover, the top 10 up-regulated and down-regulated circRNAs in KOA synovium and IPFP are listed in .

Table 1

Top 10 up-regulated and down-regulated circRNAs in KOA synovium

Circbase_ID	Expression status	Gene	log2FC	P value
Not annotated	Up	Not annotated	10.741	5.626E-10
hsa_circ_0040528	Up	WDR59	10.117	7.661E-9
hsa_circ_0120805	Up	APLF	9.149	3.713E-7
hsa_circ_0006911	Up	PPP1R21	8.864	1.111E-6
hsa_circ_0002041	Up	IBTK	8.856	1.147E-6
hsa_circ_0057553	Up	SLC39A10	8.835	1.239E-6
hsa_circ_0005275	Up	FNDC3A	8.749	1.716E-6
hsa_circ_0008968	Up	HERC2	8.740	1.774E-6
Not annotated	Up	ASCC2	8.705	2.025E-6
hsa_circ_0042952	Up	UTP6	8.700	2.064E-6
hsa_circ_0002714	Down	SEMA3C	1.847	0.009
hsa_circ_0001946	Down	Not annotated	2.140	0.002
hsa_circ_0000852	Down	WDR7	2.215	0.002
hsa_circ_0108802	Down	L3MBTL4	6.617	5.401E-10
Not annotated	Down	ABI3BP	6.839	1.018E-10
Not annotated	Down	ITPRID2	6.917	5.698E-11
hsa_circ_0069982	Down	MTHFD2L	6.972	3.722E-11
hsa_circ_0006629	Down	PICALM	6.979	3.487E-11
hsa_circ_0007444	Down	RHOBTB3	7.006	2.844E-11
hsa_circ_0002484	Down	ZBTB44	7.025	2.465E-11

circRNA, circular RNA; KOA, knee osteoarthritis.

Table 2

Top 10 up-regulated and down-regulated circRNAs in KOA IPFP

Circbase_ID	Expression status	Gene	log2FC	P value
hsa_circ_0005692	Up	GLIS2	10.265	1.185E-9
hsa_circ_0052012	Up	POLD1	9.703	1.236E-8
hsa_circ_0002483	Up	PTK2	9.444	3.574E-8
hsa_circ_0006501	Up	CUX1	9.393	4.398E-8
Not annotated	Up	TGFBR2	9.276	7.063E-8
hsa_circ_0108478	Up	HAUS1	9.176	1.066E-7
hsa_circ_0081813	Up	KMT2E	9.172	1.071E-7
hsa_circ_0004658	Up	EMILIN2	8.984	2.289E-7
hsa_circ_0008857	Up	ATF6	8.962	2.482E-7
hsa_circ_0001306	Up	RAD54L2	8.952	2.571E-7
hsa_circ_0001400	Down	RELL1	1.411	0.047
hsa_circ_0006127	Down	SRCAP	1.433	0.046
hsa_circ_0008587	Down	LOC101929709	1.484	0.040
hsa_circ_0114356	Down	RERE	1.559	0.036
hsa_circ_0000615	Down	ZNF609	1.635	0.017
hsa_circ_0004368	Down	REPS1	1.643	0.023
hsa_circ_0000591	Down	MGA	1.810	0.013
hsa_circ_0005620	Down	SH3PXD2A	1.923	0.007
hsa_circ_0000443	Down	MED13L	1.937	0.009
hsa_circ_0007930	Down	SMAD5	2.005	0.009

circRNA, circular RNA; KOA, knee osteoarthritis; IPFP, infrapatellar fat pad.

Bioinformatics analysis of the parental genes of circRNAs

To better understand the function of these differentially expressed circRNAs in KOA synovium and IPFP, we performed GO, KEGG, and Reactome analyses.

The GO analysis confirmed 51 significant GO terms (31 BP terms, 11 CC terms, and 9 MF terms) in synovium and 91 (62 BP terms, 8 CC terms, and 21 MF terms) in IPFP. In terms of synovium, positive regulation of GTPase activity (GO: 0043547), regulation of DNA metabolic process (GO: 0051052), and regulation of GTPase activity (GO: 0043087) were the most enriched BP terms. In addition, other significant BP terms included B cell activation (GO: 0042113), positive regulation of DNA metabolic process (GO: 0051054), signal transduction by p53 class mediator (GO: 0072331), and histone modification (GO: 0016570) (shown in https://cdn.amegroups.cn/static/public/ATM-21-5739-1.xlsx). As for CC, the most enriched terms were chromosomal region (GO: 0098687) and chromosome, centromeric region (GO: 0000775). The most enriched MF terms were correlated with the regulation of GTPase (). In addition, for the IPFP, regulation of cell morphogenesis (GO: 0022604), microtubule cytoskeleton organization (GO: 0000226), and cell morphogenesis involved in neuron differentiation (GO: 0048667) were the most enriched BP terms. The most enriched CC terms were cell leading edge (GO: 0031252), cytoplasmic region (GO: 0099568), and actin cytoskeleton (GO: 0015629). Consistent with synovium, the most enriched MF terms were correlated with the regulation of GTPase ().

Figure 2

GO, KEGG, and Reactome analyses of the parental genes of the differentially expressed circRNAs in KOA synovium and IPFP. (A,B) GO analysis. BP, CC, MF are represented in red, blue, and green, respectively. (C,D) KEGG analysis. The top 10 KEGG pathways are shown. (E,F) Reactome analysis. The top 10 Reactome pathways are shown. GO, Gene Ontology; KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; KOA, knee osteoarthritis; IPFP, infrapatellar fat pad; BP, biological process; CC, cellular component; MF, molecular function; circRNA, circular RNA.

In the KEGG analysis, the top 10 pathways associated with the differentially expressed circRNAs of synovium and IPFP were listed (). The most enriched KEGG terms related to synovium were influenza A (hsa05164) and the calcium signaling pathway (hsa04020). Furthermore, several other significant signaling pathways included the thyroid hormone signaling pathway (hsa04919), HIF-1 signaling pathway (hsa04066), and melanogenesis (hsa04916) (shown in https://cdn.amegroups.cn/static/public/ATM-21-5739-1.xlsx). Correspondingly, transcriptional misregulation in cancer (hsa05202) and focal adhesion (hsa04510) were the most enriched KEGG terms of IPFP, in addition, other important KEGG terms included the ErbB signaling pathway (hsa04012), TGF-β signaling pathway (hsa04350), and lysine degradation (hsa00310) (shown in https://cdn.amegroups.cn/static/public/ATM-21-5739-2.xlsx).

In addition to KEGG, Reactome is another well-known signaling pathway database. We also showed the top 10 pathways based on Reactome analysis in the present study (). The most enriched Reactome terms of synovium were cell cycle checkpoints (R-HSA-69620) and DNA repair (R-HSA-73894), while the most enriched Reactome term of IPFP was extracellular matrix (ECM) organization (R-HSA-1474244).

CircRNAs are shown to act as miRNA sponges, thereby regulating the functions of relevant miRNAs via directly binding with miRNAs. According to total-score and total-energy, we created the top 300 circRNA-miRNA networks of synovium and IPFP using miRanda, and mapped them using Cytoscape ().

Figure 3

Co-expression network of differentially expressed circRNAs and miRNAs. Triangle nodes represent circRNAs and round nodes represent miRNAs. Red and green indicate up-regulated and down-regulated circRNAs, respectively. (A) CircRNA-miRNA networks of synovium. (B) CircRNA-miRNA networks of IPFP. IPFP, infrapatellar fat pad; circRNA, circular RNA.

Furthermore, we performed Venn analysis of circRNAs differentially expressed in synovium and IPFP, and screened for 1 circRNA named hsa_circ_0005265 that was down-regulated in both synovium and IPFP (). We also confirmed 2 target miRNAs (hsa-miR-6769b-5p and hsa-miR-1249-5p) related to hsa_circ_0005265 in both synovium and IPFP (, ).

Figure 4

Venn analysis. (A) Up-regulated circRNAs in synovium and IPFP. (B) Down-regulated circRNAs in synovium and IPFP. IPFP, infrapatellar fat pad; circRNA, circular RNA.

Figure 5

CircRNA-miRNA network of hsa_circ_0005265 in synovium and IPFP. (A) Target miRNAs of hsa_circ_0005265 in synovium. (B) Target miRNAs of hsa_circ_0005265 in IPFP. IPFP, infrapatellar fat pad; circRNA, circular RNA.

Table 3

Hsa_circ_0005265-related target miRNAs in synovium and IPFP

CircRNA ID	Target miRNAs in synovium	Target miRNAs in IPFP
hsa_circ_0005265	hsa-miR-6769b-5p	hsa-miR-6769b-5p
	hsa-miR-1249-5p	hsa-miR-1249-5p
		hsa-miR-6823-5p
		hsa-miR-96-5p
		hsa-miR-6883-5
		hsa-miR-6878-3p

CircRNA, circular RNA; IPFP, infrapatellar fat pad.

qRT-PCR validation of hsa_circ_0005265 in both synovium and IPFP

Hsa_circ_0005265 was identified in both IPFP and synovium based on RNA sequencing, thus was selected for further qRT-PCR confirmation in 3 pairs of synovium and IPFP samples. It was shown that the expression level of hsa_circ_0005265 detected by qRT-PCR was highly consistent with the circRNA sequencing results, which demonstrated the high reliability of the RNA sequencing ().

Figure 6

Relative expression level of hsa_circ_0005265 detected by qRT-PCR in synovium and IPFP. The qRT-PCR results were consistent with the RNA sequencing results. *, P<0.05. KOA, knee osteoarthritis; CON, control; qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; IPFP, infrapatellar fat pad.

Discussion

KOA is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases. It is typically characterized by degradation of cartilage, though the pathogenesis is not fully understood. Previous studies have tended to focus on the effects of single tissues such as cartilage, synovium, and IPFP on the development of KOA, while largely ignoring their synergistic effects. In fact, crosstalk was found between cartilage and other tissues within the knee joint (25,26). Over the last decade, KOA has been considered as a whole-joint disease (4,5), as cartilage, subchondral bone, meniscus, IPFP, and synovium, among others, are involved in the progression of KOA. Among these tissues, IPFP and synovium are regarded as a morphological and functional unit (7,8) based on their adjacent anatomical location, highly similar pathological changes or composition of inflammatory cells, and tight molecular crosstalk, among other factors (4,5,27,28). Studies indicated that the typical changes of the IPFP/synovium unit in the progression of KOA include fibrosis, vascularization, and inflammatory infiltration. Furthermore, it can secrete adipokines, pro-inflammatory factors, such as IL-1β and TNF-α, cartilage matrix-degrading enzymes, such as MMP-13 and ADAMTS-5, and fatty acids and their derivatives, thus mediating cartilage degeneration (4,7,26,29). However, the underlying mechanism by which the IPFP/synovium unit regulates this process remains unclear.

Along with the continuous development of sequencing technologies and bioinformatics technology, circRNAs are emerging as a research hotspot in KOA. CircRNAs are reported to regulate gene expression via diverse mechanisms. The most widely studied regulatory mechanism is their role as miRNAs sponge, which implies that they can interact with miRNAs and repress their functions, consequently regulating mRNA transcription and protein production (18-20). In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of studies concerned with the association between circRNAs and KOA (17-19). Shen et al. explored the expression profiles of circRNAs in OA cartilage, and found circSERPINE2 was down-regulated in the OA cartilage tissues. Further research demonstrated that the function of circSERPINE2, as a sponge of miR-1271-5p, was related to excessive apoptosis and the imbalance between anabolic and catabolic factors of the ECM (17). In addition, Zhou et al. showed that circRNA_33186 was up-regulated in both IL-1β-treated chondrocytes and cartilage tissues of a destabilized medial meniscus (DMM)-induced KOA mouse model. Then, the mechanistic study found that circRNA_33186 directly binds to miR-127-5p, thereby inhibiting miR-127-5p and increasing MMP-13 expression, thus contributing to KOA pathogenesis (19). Other similar research has proven the protective role of circPDE4D, which exerted its effect by acting as a sponge for miR-103a-3p and thereby playing a critical role in maintaining the ECM during KOA progression (18). These studies highlight the regulatory roles of circRNAs in the development of KOA, especially in cartilage homeostasis, and provide a potentially effective therapeutic strategy for KOA progression.

CircRNAs are abundantly expressed in synovium and adipose tissues. To date, no research has highlighted the expression profiles of circRNAs in the IPFP/synovium unit. Taking this into account, it may be possible to reveal the role of the IPFP/synovium unit in the pathogenesis of KOA. In the present study, we aimed to clarify the circRNA regulation in the IPFP/synovium unit and screen for circRNAs that were differentially expressed in both synovium and IPFP. As a result, for the samples from KOA patients, we detected 65 circRNAs and 72 circRNAs that were differentially expressed in synovium and IPFP, respectively. Then, GO, KEGG, and Reactome analyses were conducted to functionally annotate parental genes of differentially expressed circRNAs.

For synovium, the parental genes were functionally related to cell metabolism, immune modulation, inflammation regulation, and histone modification, as well as being enriched in several pathways such as the calcium signaling pathway, thyroid hormone signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, and melanogenesis. Mechanical loading is one of the most important external factors regulating cartilage metabolism, and calcium signaling is reported as an initial step in chondrocyte mechanotransduction (30), which is an essential component in differentiating and mature chondrocytes (31). Thyroid hormone has been implicated in the normal growth and development of articular cartilage. Bundy et al. found that compared to normal controls, skeletally immature miniature swine induced to a hypothyroid state showed remarkably increased mean articular cartilage thickness and decreased mean chondrocyte density (32). The effects of HIF-1α in KOA have also been explored for decades (33). Briefly, the hypoxic microenvironment could induce endoplasmic reticulum stress in chondrocytes and further disturb ECM secretion (34,35). Anti-oxidative agents exhibit great potential in KOA therapy. Zhong et al. indicated that dopamine melanin nanoparticles function as novel scavengers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which in turn slowed down cartilage degradation (36).

As for IPFP, the parental genes were related to cell metabolism, cell morphogenesis regulation, cell differentiation, and bone development. Besides, according to the results, the enriched signaling pathways including the ErbB signaling pathway, TGF-β signaling pathway, and lysine degradation. The ErbB signaling pathway has been rarely studied in KOA, though Fisher et al. identified the positive role of endogenous ErbB signaling in chondrocyte proliferation (37). TGF-β signaling is involved in the pathogenesis of KOA, as TGF-β signaling inhibition in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) of the subchondral bone attenuates KOA (38), whereas activating TGF-β signaling accelerates cartilage injury (39). During the past decade, tissue engineering has shown promising clinical application prospects in cartilage repair. Poly L-lysine (PLL), a polypeptide with cationic lysine groups as its functional group, has been shown to enhance chondrogenesis in a dose and molecular weight dependent manner in vitro (40). However, the underlying mechanisms of circRNAs in these signaling pathways in KOA remain unclear, which need further study.

Additionally, hsa_circ_0005265 was found to be down-regulated in both synovium and IPFP through Venn analysis, and was verified using qRT-PCR in 3 KOA tissues and 3 normal tissues. Then, we explored the potential regulatory mechanism of hsa_circ_0005265. Based on the aforementioned miRNA sponge theory, a circRNA-miRNA interaction network was created in the current study. The predicted miRNAs were selected according to total score and total energy using miRanda, and the smaller the total energy or the larger the total score, the closer the combination between the circRNAs and the miRNAs. It was found that hsa_circ_0005265 potentially interacted with 2 miRNAs in synovium and 6 miRNAs in IPFP. Of note, both hsa-miR-6769b-5p and hsa-miR-1249-5p existed in the 2 networks, suggested that hsa_circ_0005265 may regulate these 2 miRNAs and subsequently affects the downstream mRNA expression, thus play a vital role in the pathophysiology of KOA. Among these miRNAs, 5 have already been studied. The up-regulation of miR-6769b-5p in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) led to a fibrolytic phenotype, where MMP-9 was up-regulated while inflammatory mediator expression was decreased by the suppression of ATF4 expression, which suggested that the miR-6769b-5p/ATF4 axis may be a potential therapeutic target for chronic liver disease (41). MiR-1249-5p was involved in the regulation of bone metabolism (42,43), which can positively regulate osteogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells via targeting PDX1 through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway (43). Exosomes are small, single-membrane, secreted vesicles which play essential roles in intercellular communications and transport a variety of intracellular components, including miRNAs. For example, exosomes-derived miR-6823-5p has been shown in effective targeting for pancreatic cancer treatment (44). Osteosarcoma (OS) is a malignant tumor that tends to occur in adolescents. MiRNAs have been found to be abnormally expressed in OS tissue and act as potential targets for the prognosis and treatment of OS. A study indicated that the expression level of miR-96-5p was increased in OS cell lines and tissues. In addition, miR-96-5p mimic significantly inhibited proliferation and invasion while promoting the apoptosis of OS cells, implying that it may function as an effective target in OS treatment (45). CDK4/6 targeting is a promising therapeutic strategy for various types of neoplasms. CDK4/6 targeting by miR-6883-5p exhibited anti-proliferative effects in human colorectal cancer cells (46). However, the association between these miRNAs and the pathogenesis of KOA remains unknown. It is necessary to carry out further studies to clarify the potential mechanisms of these miRNAs in the occurrence and development of KOA. Moreover, no study has focused on the role of miR-6878-3p in basic medicine.

This is the first study to examine the circRNA profiles in the IPFP/synovium unit by RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. However, the detailed molecular mechanism of circRNAs in KOA pathogenesis need further exploration. Of note, there are some limitations in the present study. Firstly, based on the sponge theory, circRNAs may have sufficient miRNA binding sites, and further validation of the interaction between targeted miRNAs and the differentially expressed circRNAs might help elucidate the role of the IPFP/synovium unit in KOA. Secondly, in addition to the common sponge mechanism, other possible mechanisms such as regulating transcription or translation into proteins associated with KOA remain unclear. Further studies are necessary to explore the potential roles of the IPFP/synovium unit associated circRNAs such as hsa_circ_0005265 in the pathogenesis of KOA.

Conclusions

In summary, the IPFP/synovium unit is involved in the pathogenesis of KOA. Our study identified the circRNA profiles in the KOA IPFP/synovium unit for the first time. GO, KEGG, and Reactome signaling pathway analyses were performed to annotate the potential functions of the differentially expressed circRNAs. Furthermore, to elucidate the regulatory mechanism, the circRNA-miRNA interaction network was created using bioinformatics methods. More importantly, our research found that hsa_circ_0005265 was down-regulated in both synovium and IPFP, and predicted 2 common target miRNAs (hsa-miR-6769b-5p and hsa-miR-1249-5p) related to hsa_circ_0005265 in these 2 tissues. However, intensive study is needed to explain the molecular mechanisms of circRNAs in the KOA IPFP/synovium unit. We hope this study draws more attention to the IPFP/synovium unit, which may improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of KOA and help offer new insights for the clinical treatment of KOA.

The article’s supplementary files as