Valeria Maria Pinto1, Khaled M Musallam2, Giorgio Derchi3, Giovanna Graziadei4, Marianna Giuditta5, Raffaella Origa6, Susanna Barella6, Gavino Casu7, Annamaria Pasanisi8, Filomena Longo9, Maddalena Casale10, Roberta Miceli11, Pierluigi Merella7, Immacolata Tartaglione10, Antonio Piga12, Maria Domenica Cappellini4,13, Barbara Gianesin14, Gian Luca Forni1. 1. Center for Microcythemia, Congenital Anemia and Iron Dysmetabolism, Galliera Hospital, Genoa, Italy. 2. Thalassemia Center, Burjeel Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. 3. Department of Cardiology, High Specialty Ligurian Clinical Institute (ICLAS), Genoa, Italy. 4. Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, and. 5. Cardiovascular Disease Unit, IRCCS Ca' Granda Foundation, Maggiore Policlinico Hospital, Milan, Italy. 6. Microcitemico Pediatric Hospital Antonio Cao, ARNAS G. Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy. 7. Cardiology Unit, AO University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy. 8. Hematology Unit, A. Perrino Hospital, Brindisi, Italy. 9. Reference Centre for Hemoglobinopathies, AOU San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Italy. 10. Department of Women, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of the Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy. 11. Cardiology Unit, Galliera Hospital, Genoa, Italy. 12. Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy. 13. Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and. 14. ForAnemia Foundation, Genoa, Italy.