Beatriz González-Alzaga1, Antonio F Hernández2, L Kim Pack3, Ivo Iavicoli4, Hanna Tolonen5, Tiina Santonen6, Marco Vinceti7, Tommaso Filippini8, Hanns Moshammer9, Nicole Probst-Hensch10, Marike Kolossa-Gehring3, Marina Lacasaña11. 1. Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA. Granada, Spain. 2. Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA. Granada, Spain; CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada (UGR) School of Medicine, Spain. 3. German Environment Agency (UBA), Germany. 4. Section of Occupational Medicine, Department of Public Health (DPH), University of Naples Federico II, Italy. 5. Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland. 6. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), Helsinki, Finland. 7. Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. 8. Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy. 9. Department of Environmental Health, Centre for Public Health, Medical University Vienna (MUW), Vienna, Austria. 10. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Switzerland. 11. Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA. Granada, Spain; CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain; Andalusian Health and Environment Observatory (OSMAN), Granada, Spain. Electronic address: marina.lacasana.easp@juntadeandalucia.es.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Designing questionnaires is a key point of epidemiological studies assessing human exposure to chemicals. The lack of validated questionnaires can lead to the use of previously developed and sub-optimally adapted questionnaires, which may result in information biases that affect the study's validity. On this ground, a multidisciplinary group of researchers developed a series of tools to support data collection within the HBM4EU initiative. The objective of this paper is to share the process of developing HBM4EU questionnaires, as well as to provide researchers with harmonized procedures that could help them to design future questionnaires to assess environmental exposures. METHODS: In the frame of the work package on survey design and fieldwork of the HBM4EU, researchers carried out procedures necessary for the development of quality questionnaires and related data collection tools. These procedures consisted of a systematic search to identify questionnaires used in previous human biomonitoring (HBM) studies, as well as the development of a checklist and evaluation sheet to assess the questionnaires identified. The results of these evaluations were taken into consideration for the development of the final questionnaires. RESULTS: The main points covered by each of the sections included in HBM4EU questionnaires are described and discussed in detail. Additional tools developed for data collection in the HBM4EU (e.g. non-responder questionnaire, satisfaction questionnaire, matrix-specific questionnaire) are also addressed. Special attention is paid to the limitations faced and hurdles overcome during the process of questionnaire development. CONCLUSIONS: Designing questionnaires for use in HBM studies requires substantial effort by a multidisciplinary team to guarantee that the quality of the information collected meets the study's objectives. The process of questionnaire development described herein will contribute to improve the harmonization of HBM studies within the social and environmental context of the EU countries.
BACKGROUND: Designing questionnaires is a key point of epidemiological studies assessing human exposure to chemicals. The lack of validated questionnaires can lead to the use of previously developed and sub-optimally adapted questionnaires, which may result in information biases that affect the study's validity. On this ground, a multidisciplinary group of researchers developed a series of tools to support data collection within the HBM4EU initiative. The objective of this paper is to share the process of developing HBM4EU questionnaires, as well as to provide researchers with harmonized procedures that could help them to design future questionnaires to assess environmental exposures. METHODS: In the frame of the work package on survey design and fieldwork of the HBM4EU, researchers carried out procedures necessary for the development of quality questionnaires and related data collection tools. These procedures consisted of a systematic search to identify questionnaires used in previous human biomonitoring (HBM) studies, as well as the development of a checklist and evaluation sheet to assess the questionnaires identified. The results of these evaluations were taken into consideration for the development of the final questionnaires. RESULTS: The main points covered by each of the sections included in HBM4EU questionnaires are described and discussed in detail. Additional tools developed for data collection in the HBM4EU (e.g. non-responder questionnaire, satisfaction questionnaire, matrix-specific questionnaire) are also addressed. Special attention is paid to the limitations faced and hurdles overcome during the process of questionnaire development. CONCLUSIONS: Designing questionnaires for use in HBM studies requires substantial effort by a multidisciplinary team to guarantee that the quality of the information collected meets the study's objectives. The process of questionnaire development described herein will contribute to improve the harmonization of HBM studies within the social and environmental context of the EU countries.
Authors: Michael Poteser; Federica Laguzzi; Thomas Schettgen; Nina Vogel; Till Weber; Philipp Zimmermann; Domenica Hahn; Marike Kolossa-Gehring; Sónia Namorado; An Van Nieuwenhuyse; Brice Appenzeller; Thórhallur I Halldórsson; Ása Eiríksdóttir; Line Småstuen Haug; Cathrine Thomsen; Fabio Barbone; Valentina Rosolen; Loïc Rambaud; Margaux Riou; Thomas Göen; Stefanie Nübler; Moritz Schäfer; Karin Haji Abbas Zarrabi; Liese Gilles; Laura Rodriguez Martin; Greet Schoeters; Ovnair Sepai; Eva Govarts; Hanns Moshammer Journal: Toxics Date: 2022-08-17