Extracellular vesicles derived from HBMSCs improved myocardial infarction through inhibiting zinc finger antisense 1 and activating Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

Myocardial infarction (MI) is believed to be one of the most common cardiovascular diseases, and it is seriously threatening the health of people in the world. The extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from mesenchymal stem cells and zinc finger antisense 1 (ZFAS1) have been believed to be involved in the regulation of MI, but the mechanism has not been fully clarified. Left anterior descending artery ligation was used to establish MI animal model, hypoxia treatment was applied to establish MI cell model. CCK8, transwell, and wound healing methods were applied to measure cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. Overexpression of ZFAS1 was established via transfecting pcDNA-ZFAS1. Overexpression of ZFAS1 significantly reversed the influence of EVs on cell migration, invasion, and apoptosis. Similar effect of EVs and ZFAS1 on morphological changes of MI rat heart tissues were also observed. The activation of Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway by EVs was remarkably suppressed by pcDNA-ZFAS1. Inhibitor of Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway remarkably reversed the impact of EVs on the cell viability. EVs might improve MI through inhibiting ZFAS1 and promoting Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. This study might provide a new thought for the prevention and treatment of MI damage through regulating ZFAS1 or Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

Introduction

After myocardial infarction (MI), fibrous scar tissue and collagen deposition replace myocardial tissue [1]. However, heart failure might be caused for the reason that fibrous scar tissue does not have myocardial contractile function [2]. Remarkable progress has been achieved in the field of MI treatment with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs could promote the healing of MI and improve cardiac function by differentiating into myocardial (like) cells, vascular endothelial cells or paracrine function [3,4] in rats and mice and cell culture. However, the mechanism of MSCs transplantation in the treatment of MI is far from fully clarified.

MSCs play an important role in antioxidant and anti-apoptosis function through increasing PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathways [5,6]. MSCs could significantly reduce acute ischemia-reperfusion lung injury in rats by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammatory response [7,8]. It was reported that MSCs promoted the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and the recovery of cardiac function after MI in rats through mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) [9,10]. The extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from MSCs play an important role in several kinds of life activities [11]. However, the role of EVs in MI has not been fully reported.

Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) is a group of RNA with transcripts of 200 nucleotides, and lack of specific and complete open reading frame. LncRNAs play a key role in the development of many diseases [12]. For example, ANRIL has been identified as the most powerful predictor of atherosclerosis risk and cardiovascular events in multiple human genome-wide association studies [13]. Mirt1 could inhibit the expression of inflammatory factors, thereby reducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis and inhibiting AMI injury via NF-κB [14]. It has been reported that zinc finger antisense 1 (ZFAS1) can be used as an independent predictor of MI [15]. Meanwhile, ZFAS1 was involved in the regulation of cardiomyocyte apoptosis caused by MI, and it could accelerate cardiomyocyte apoptosis in MI mice by causing cardiomyocyte calcium overload [16,17].

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) is an important nuclear transcription endogenous factor affecting antioxidant stress response [18]. It is a nuclear transcription factor with basic leucine zipper structure and belongs to a member of CNC superfamily. Nrf2 acted an important role in oxidative stress after MI [19]. Acute exercise stress could improve the level of myocardial antioxidant stress in mice through Nrf2 pathway, while the myocardial tissue of Nrf2 deficient mice presented a high level of oxidative stress [20]. It was reported that Hydroxysafflor yellow A protected H9C2 cells from apoptosis caused by hypoxia through PI3K/Ak/Nrf2 pathway via upregulating HO-1 [21].

Nrf2/ARE pathway is one of the important antioxidant defense mechanisms in cells, and HO-1 is an antioxidant enzyme located downstream of Nrf2/ARE. HO-1 and its metabolites have remarkable antioxidant effect [22]. Previous study indicated that anthocyanins could protect insulin cells from cell damage caused by oxidative stress by up regulating HO-1. Overexpression of HO-1 in MSCs can promote angiogenesis and improve cardiac function [23]. Meanwhile, the up regulation of HO-1 expression after MI can increase the survival rate of transplanted MSCs, reduce the infarct area and improve cardiac function [24]. However, if EVs derived from human bone marrow stromal stem cells (hBMSCs) could improve MI through ZFAS1 and Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway have not been reported.

In this study, we suspected that EVs derived from hBMSCs might improve MI through inhibiting ZFAS1 and activating Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. We demonstrated that the EVs derived from hBMSCs could improve MI through inhibiting ZFAS1 and promoting Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. This study might provide a new thought for the prevention and treatment of MI damage through targeting ZFAS1 or Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

Methods and Materials

Cell culture and hypoxia cell model establishment

The H9C2 cells (ATCC, USA) were cultivated with DMEM containing 0.05 mM bromodeoxyuridine, 50 μg/ml streptomycin, 5% FBS, and 50 U/ml penicillin on the condition of 5% CO2 and 37°C. Hypoxia cell model was established by cultivating cell on the condition of 2% O2, 3% CO2, and 95% N2 for 24 h. Then, the cells were treated with EVs (5 × 106 particles/100 µL, 100 µL), pcDNA-ZFAS1, and LY294002 for 24 h, and used for different experiments. All protocols were approved by the Ethic Committee of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University.

Isolation of EVs

The human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) purchased from ATCC were cultured with MEM medium containing 2 mM GlutaMAX (Gibco, USA) and 10% FBS (Gibco). The medium was centrifuged at 400 g (10 min), and 2000 g (10 min) sequentially. The cell debris in the supernatants was filter with 0.22 µm filter membrane. The supernatants were centrifuged at 15,000 g (1 h). The pelleted EVs were suspended with PBS.

Observation of EVs by scanning electron microscopy

After dilution with PBS, the prepared EVs was put on the sample loading copper net specially used for scanning electron microscope. After 2 min at room temperature, the floating liquid was absorbed with filter paper. After dyeing with 1% (W/V) phosphotungstic acid solution for 5 min, the excess dyeing solution was absorbed by filter paper. The morphology of EVs was observed by a scanning electron microscope (Zeiss, Germany).

Detection of EVs particle size and concentration

After dilution with PBS, the particle size and concentration of exosomes were measured with NanoFCM (Flow Nanoanalyzer).

Detection of EVs surface marker

The surface markers of EVs CD9 and CD105, were measured with flow cytometer as described below. BD Stemfow™ human MSC analysis kit was used in this study. The digested cells were washed with PBS, and incubated with related antibodies for 30 min in dark. After washing with PBS, the cells were analyzed with flow BD Accuri™ C6 cytometer.

The surface markers of EVs, CD63, and TSG101, were measured with Western blotting as described below. RIPA agent (Nanjing Jiancheng, Nanjing, China) containing 1% protease inhibitor was used for protein extraction. Protein samples were electrophoresed firstly on polyacrylamide gels and then moved to PVDF membranes (#IPVH00010, Pore size: 0.45 μm, Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). The PVDF membrane was blocked with 5% skimmed milk solution for 2 h. The membranes were incubated overnight with primary antibody at 4°C (Abcam, Cambridge, UK). Then after rinsing with the Tris Buffered Saline with Tween 20 (TBST; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), they were subsequently incubated with the secondary antibody (1:2000) for 2 h at room temperature. Chemiluminescence was used to expose the protein bands on the membrane. The protein gray was analyzed using Image J software.

Construction of pcDNA ZFAS1 and transfection

The pcDNA-ZFAS1 and related controls were designed and constructed by Ribobio (Guangzhou, China). Virus solution (6 × 1013 genome-containing particles) was used in animal treatment via caudal vein injection.

MI animal model

Wistar rats (male, 200–230 g) obtained from Charles River were raised on the condition of 25–28°C and 45–55% humidity. Ligation of left anterior descending with 6.0 nylon for 1 h was conducted to establish MI model. The animals were anesthetized with ketamine (110 mg/kg) and xylazine (11 mg/kg) via intraperitoneal injection. MI model was achieved when significant S-T segment elevation was observed. Seven days later, the rats were treated with EVs (5 × 1010 particles/100 µL, 100 µL) and pcDNA-ZFAS1 once every 3 days. After 2 weeks, the rats were sacrificed and heart tissues were isolated for HE staining and Masson trichrome staining. All experiments have been approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University

Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)

The RNA in the cells was isolated using TRIzol reagent and reverse-transcribed into cDNA using SuperScriptTM II Reverse Transcriptase. RT-PCR was performed using SYBR Premix Ex TaqTM II kit (Takara, China). The primers were listed as follows: (1) ZFAS1: forward: 5′-GCGUGAACUCCUGAGGCG-3′ and reverse: 5′-UCGCCUCAGGAGUUCACG-3′. ΔΔCt method was used to measure relative mRNA level.

Transwell assay

Cells were plated on the top chamber, and 1 mL DMEM containing 5% FBS was added to the lower chamber. After 24 h, the cells were fixed with 4% polyformaldehyde (30 min). Then, the cells were washed with PBS, and stained with Giemsa (Sigma, USA). Finally, the invasive cells were analyzed.

Wound Healing Method

Cells were seeded in to a 12-well plate, and a 1 mL pipette tip was used to draw a line in the model of plate when confluence grew to 80%. After 48 h, the relative migrated distance was calculated.

Flow cytometry

The cells were firstly cultured as described in the part cell culture and hypoxia cell establishment. After different treatments, the cells were digested with trypsin. After centrifugation at 3000 g (10 min), the cells were suspended with PBS, and incubated with propidium iodide and Annexin V-FITC. After incubation in the dark for 30 min, the cell apoptosis was measured.

HE, Masson trichrome, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining

The heart tissues were isolated after animal sacrifice, and were fixed using 4% paraformaldehyde (Beyotime, Beijing, China) for 48 h. After embedding with paraffin, the tissues were cut into 10-μm slides. The tissues were de-paraffined and stained with HE and Masson trichrome staining. The tissues were observed using an inverted optical microscope. The staining intensity of Masson trichrome was analyzed using Image J software.

For the IHC staining, the tissues were firstly de-paraffined. After treatment with antigen repair (15 s), washing with PBS (3 times), and 5% H2O2 incubation (3 min), the tissues were blocked using 5% goat serum. After washing with PBS 2 times, the sections were cultivated with primary antibody at 4°C for 12 h. After washing with PBS 3 times, the sections were cultivated with second antibody at room temperature for 2 h. Then, after treatment with DAB regent, the slides were observed using an inverted microscope.

Cell proliferation

Cells (2 × 104/well) were plated into 96-well plate and cultured as described in the part cell culture and hypoxia cell establishment. The cells were incubated with CCK8 regent for 3 h after. Finally, the OD value at 450 nm was measured.

Statistical analysis

Data was shown with mean ± standard deviation (SD), and analyzed with SPSS 20. For the comparison between two groups, Standard t-test was used. P < 0.05 suggests statistical significance. All experiments were repeated at least 3 times.

Results

Identification of EVs isolated from HBMSCs and measurement of ZFAS1 level in the MI cell model

The isolated EVs from HBMSCs were identified by measuring surface markers and size distribution. Firstly, the scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the EVs, and homogeneous, spheroidal vesicles were observed (Figure 1(a)). The average diameter peak in DLS of EVs was around 100 nm (Figure 1(b)). Meanwhile, the CD 105, CD 90, CD 63, and TSG101 in the EVs were identified (Figure 1(c)). Meanwhile, the level of ZFAS1 in the cells treated with hypoxia was detected. We found that the mRNA expression of ZFAS1 in the hypoxia treated cells were markedly promoted, but EVs treatment significantly decreased it (p < 0.01). However, after transfecting pcDNA-ZFAS1, the level of ZFAS1 was remarkably elevated (p < 0.05) (Figure 1(d)).

Figure 1.

Identification of EVs isolated from HBMSCs and measurement of ZFAS1 level in the MI cell model. (a) Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the EVs; (b) The average diameter peak in DLS of EVs was around 100 nm; (c) The CD105, CD90, CD63, and TSG101 in the EVs were identified; (d) The level of ZFAS1 in the cells treated with hypoxia was detected. * P < 0.05 compared with the group hypoxia. # P < 0.05 compared with the group hypoxia+EVs.

Overexpression of ZFAS1 significantly reversed the influence of EVs on cell migration, invasion, and apoptosis

The influence of ZFAS1 on cell viability including migration, invasion, proliferation, and apoptosis were analyzed. After treatment with hypoxia, the cell migration (Figure 2(a, b)), invasion (Figure 2(c, d)), and proliferation (Figure 2(g)) were significantly restrained, but cell apoptosis was increased (Figure 2(e, f)). While, after treatment with EVs, the cell viability of hypoxia-induced cells were markedly reversed. EVs greatly prompted cell migration (Figure 2(a,b)), invasion (Figure 2(c,d)), and proliferation (Figure 2(g)), but restrained cell apoptosis (Figure 2(e,f)) (p < 0.01). However, simultaneous treatment with pcDNA-ZFAS1 significantly reversed the influence of EVs on cell viability (p < 0.05). Therefore, ZFAS1 might be a potential downstream target of EVs during the regulation of hypoxia-induced cell viability.

Figure 2.

Overexpression of ZFAS1 significantly reversed the influence of EVs on cell migration, invasion, and apoptosis. (a) The influence of EVs and ZFAS1 on cell migration were measured via wound healing; (b) Overexpression of ZFAS1 significantly reversed the influence of EVs on cell migration; (c) The influence of EVs and ZFAS1 on cell invasion were measured via transwell assay; (d) Overexpression of ZFAS1 significantly reversed the influence of EVs on cell invasion; (e) The influence of EVs and ZFAS1 on cell apoptosis were measured via flow cytometry; (f) Overexpression of ZFAS1 significantly reversed the influence of EVs on cell apoptosis; (g) The influence of EVs and ZFAS1 on cell proliferation were measured. * P < 0.05 compared with the group hypoxia. # P < 0.05 compared with the group hypoxia+EVs.

Overexpression of ZFAS1 greatly reversed the influence of EVs on morphological changes of MI rat heart tissues

The regulation of EVs in MI injury through ZFAS1 was also evaluated via animal experiment. The data of HE staining suggested that intact and well-arranged muscle fibers could be found in the group Control. However, large amount of necrosis, space, and disorderly arranged muscle fibers were observed in the group MI (Figure 3(a)). The morphological damages were improved in the group MI+EVs and group MI+EVs+pcDNA-ZFAS1. The collagen deposition was measured through Masson staining (Figure 3(b)), and infarction ratio (Figure 3(c)) was analyzed. In the group MI, the infarction ratio was more than 90%, and increased greatly compared with group Sham. However, the level of infarction ratio decreased to around 20% after EVs treatment. While, overexpression of ZFAS1 markedly promoted the decreased infarction ratio and collagen deposition caused by EVs (Figure 3(b, c)) (p < 0.01). In addition, the expression of vWF and VEGF was detected via IHC. The levels of both vWF and VEGF were greatly decreased in the group MI, but they were increased after EVs treatment (Figure 4(d–f)) (p < 0.01). However, transfection with pcDNA-ZFAS1 significantly restrained the expression of vWF and VEGF compared with group MI+EVs (p < 0.01).

Figure 3.

Overexpression of ZFAS1 significantly reversed the influence of EVs on morphological changes of MI rat heart tissues. (a) The influence of EVs and ZFAS1 on morphological changes was measured via HE staining; (b) The influence of EVs and ZFAS1 on collagen deposition was measured via Masson staining; (c) The influence of EVs and ZFAS1 on infarction ratio was analyzed; (d) The influence of EVs and ZFAS1 on vWF expression was detected via IHC; (e) The influence of EVs and ZFAS1 on VEGF expression was detected via IHC; (f) The levels of vWF and VEGF were analyzed. * P < 0.05 compared with the group MI. # P < 0.05 compared with the group MI+EVs. Black arrows indicated the collagen fiber deposition measure with Masson staining.

Figure 4.

Activation of Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway by EVs was markedly inhibited by pcDNA-ZFAS1. (a) The influence of EVs and ZFAS1 on p-Akt expression was detected via IHC in vivo; (b) The influence of EVs and ZFAS1 on Nrf2 and HO-1 expression was detected via IHC in vivo; (c) Activation of Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway by EVs was markedly inhibited by pcDNA-ZFAS1 in vivo. * P < 0.05 compared with the group MI. # P < 0.05 compared with the group MI+EVs.

Activation of Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway by EVs was markedly inhibited by pcDNA-ZFAS1

Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway has been believed to be closely linked with the regulation of MI progression, and the influence of EVs and pcDNA-ZFAS1 on the Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway was measured in vivo. We found that the levels of p-Akt/Akt, Nrf2, and HO-1 were greatly restrained in the group MI compared with group control (Figure 4(a–c)), but they were significantly promoted in the group MI+EVs (p < 0.01). However, treatment with pcDNA-ZFAS1 greatly suppressed the expression of p-Akt/Akt, Nrf2, and HO-1 compared with group MI+EVs (Figure 4(a–c)) (p < 0.01).

Inhibitor of Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway remarkably reversed the effect of EVs on the cell viability

The influence of EVs on the Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway was further validated in vitro using the inhibitor of Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, LY294002. We found that the incubation of LY294002 could greatly reverse the influence of EVs on the cell migration (Figure 5(a, b)), invasion (Figure 5(c, d)), cell apoptosis (Figure 5(e, f)) and proliferation (Figure 5(g)). LY294002 significantly decreased cell migration (Figure 5(a, b)), invasion (Figure 5(c, d)), and proliferation (Figure 5(g)), but promoted cell apoptosis (Figure 5(e, f)) compared with group hypoxia + EVs (p < 0.05).

Figure 5.

The inhibitor of Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway remarkably reversed the effect of EVs on the cell viability. (a) Influence of Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway inhibitor on the migration of cell treated with hypoxia was investigated; (b) LY294002 remarkably reversed the effect of EVs on the cell migration; (c) Influence of Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway inhibitor on the invasion of cell treated with hypoxia was investigated; (d) LY294002 remarkably reversed the effect of EVs on the cell invasion; (e) Influence of Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway inhibitor on the apoptosi of cell treated with hypoxia was investigated; (f) LY294002 remarkably reversed the effect of EVs on the cell apoptosis; (g) LY294002 remarkably reversed the effect of EVs on the cell proliferation. * P < 0.05 compared with the group hypoxia. # P < 0.05 compared with the group hypoxia+EVs.

The inhibitor of Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway remarkably reversed the effect of EVs on morphological changes of MI rat heart tissues

The regulation of EVs in MI injury through Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway was also evaluated via animal experiment. We found that the morphological damages improved in the group MI+EVs were reversed by LY294002 (Figure 6(a)). In addition, the significant decrease of collagen deposition and infarction ratio caused by EVs were markedly promoted by LY294002 treatment (Figure 6(b, c)) (p < 0.01). Meanwhile, the levels of both Nrf2 and HO-1 were greatly decreased in the group MI, but they were increased after EVs treatment (Figure 6(d–f)) (p < 0.01). However, treatment with the inhibitor of Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, LY294002, significantly suppressed the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 compared with group MI+EVs (p < 0.01).

Figure 6.

The inhibitor of Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway remarkably reversed the effect of EVs on morphological changes of MI rat heart tissues. (a) The influence of EVs and LY294002 on morphological changes was measured via HE staining; (b) The influence of EVs and LY294002 on collagen deposition was measured via Masson staining; (c) The influence of EVs and LY294002 on infarction ratio was analyzed; (d) The influence of EVs and LY294002 on Nrf2 expression was detected via IHC; (e) The influence of EVs and LY294002 on HO-1 expression was detected via IHC; (f) The levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 were analyzed. * P < 0.05 compared with the group MI. # P < 0.05 compared with the group MI+EVs. Black arrows indicated the collagen fiber deposition measure with Masson staining.

Discussion

In this present study, the EVs were successfully isolated form hBMSCs, and identified with specific markers including CD105, CD90, CD63, and TSG101 (Figure 1). The overexpression vector of ZFAS1 was constructed by transfecting pcDNA-ZFAS1. The promotion of cell migration, invasion, and inhibition of cell apoptosis caused by EVs were reversed by pcDNA-ZFAS1 (Figure 2). In addition, the improvement of MI tissues injury and promotion of angiogenesis caused by EVs were suppressed by overexpression of ZFAS1 (Figure 3) in vivo. Meanwhile, pcDNA-ZFAS1 markedly suppressed the activation of Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway induced by EVs (Figure 4). Finally, we demonstrated that LY294002, the inhibitor of Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, could reverse the effects of EVs on cell viability (Figure 5) in vitro and myocardial tissue repair in vivo (Figure 6). These findings indicated that EVs might improve MI through inhibiting ZFAS1 and promoting Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

MI is characterized by the rapid reduction or interruption of coronary blood flow on the basis of coronary artery disease, resulting in severe and lasting acute ischemia in the corresponding part of the myocardium, and finally leading to myocardial ischemic necrosis [25,26]. At present, MI has become one of the most common cardiovascular diseases that seriously threaten life and health. Oxidative stress is an important mechanism of myocardial damage after MI. In infarcted myocardial tissue, ischemia and hypoxia lead to energy metabolism disorder, intracellular calcium overload and changes of various enzyme activities.

Previous studies indicated that MSCs may participate in the tissue repair of infarcted heart through several aspects. For example, MSCs could directly differentiate into cardiac tissues, such as cardiomyocytes and vascular endothelial cells, and promote myocardial repair by replacing necrotic cardiomyocytes, increasing capillary density and improving myocardial blood supply [27,28]. MSCs spontaneously fuse with cardiomyocytes. This spontaneous fusion may also be a potential mechanism for myocardial repair and improvement of cardiac function [29]. The paracrine effect of MSCs promotes local myocardial repair, angiogenesis, stem cell homing and immunosuppression by secreting EVs, VEGF, TNF-a, TGF-b and other cytokines or growth factors [30]. In this study, the EVs derived from hBMSCs significantly improved MI.

LncRNAs are a kind of noncoding RNAs with a length of more than 200 nucleotides. Studies have shown that LncRNAs play an important role in the pathogenesis of MI. ZFAS1, an LncRNA, located on chromosome 20q13, is reported to participate in the occurrence and development of tumors as a tumor suppressor gene [31]. It has been reported that the expression of ZFAS1 is increased in mouse MI model, resulting in cardiac systolic dysfunction [17]. In this study, we found that overexpression of ZFAS1 could significantly reverse the improvement of cardiomyocyte activity caused by EVs, which is in line with previous study.

Nrf2 and its downstream genes are one of the most important antioxidant defense mechanisms in cells. Nrf2 is a nuclear transcription factor with basic leucine zipper structure. HO-1 is a ubiquitous redox induced stress protein in the body [32]. It can catalyze heme to produce biliverdin, carbon monoxide and iron. They are powerful free radical scavengers in the body and play a strong antioxidant role [33]. The area of MI was significantly reduced 8 weeks after injection of adeno-associated virus containing HO-1 gene. The protective effect of HO-1 gene on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury is related to its role in reducing oxidative pressure and pro apoptotic and inflammatory proteins [19]. HO-1 overexpression can be used to reduce left ventricular remodeling and heart failure after MI. PI3K/Akt is an important anti-apoptotic cell survival signal pathway [18]. The activation of PI3K/Akt can induce the expression of HO-1 gene [20]. In this study, activation of Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway by EVs was markedly inhibited by pcDNA-ZFAS1. The regulation of Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway by EVs through ZFAS1 might be the potential mechanism how EVs improve MI.

There are some limitations in the present study. Some parameters related with cardiac function, such as left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular fractional shortening were not investigated. In addition, the influence of EVs and ZFAS1 on the cell cycle needs to be further analyzed.

Conclusion

The remarkable improvement of cardiomyocyte viability, the expression increase of vWF and VEGF, and activation of Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway were observed after EVs treatment. However, these influences of EVs were markedly reversed by overexpressing ZFAS1. Therefore, EVs might improve MI through inhibiting ZFAS1 and activating Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. This study might provide a new insight for the prevention and treatment of MI damage through targeting ZFAS1 or Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.