Prevalence and risk factors of low back and pelvic pain in women with rectus abdominis diastasis: a multicenter retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: To explore the association between low back pain (LBP) and pelvic pain (PP) and rectus abdominis diastasis (RAD) in postpartum women and identify the characteristics and risk factors.
METHODS: Women diagnosed with RAD and a history of labor and delivery, between 2009 and 2018, were identified from six hospitals within the Partners Healthcare System. Univariate and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were used to identify the risk factors associated with pain.
RESULTS: Age at onset of RAD in the non-cesarean delivery group was earlier than those in cesarean delivery (CD) group (P = 0.017). Women who underwent CD demonstrated 4.5 times greater risk of RAD than those who had no CD exposure. The cumulative composition ratio of LBP at every age stage of the period from 8 years pre-first delivery to 8 years post-first delivery was significantly higher than the other five conditions (RAD, umbilical hernia, PP, depressive disorder [DD], and strain of muscle, fascia, and tendon [SMFT]) (P for trend < 0.001). Women with DD, SMFT, and PP were more likely to have LBP (odds ratio [OR] = 1.91, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06 to 3.47, P = 0.032; OR = 4.50, 95% CI 1.64 to 12.36, P = 0.003; OR = 2.14, 95% CI 1.17 to 3.89, P = 0.013; respectively).
CONCLUSIONS: In postpartum women with RAD, DD, SMFT, and PP were found to be risk factors contributing to the development of LBP. Race and LBP also played roles in the development of PP.

INTRODUCTION

Rectus abdominis diastasis (RAD) is defined as a condition in which the rectus muscles are separated more than 2 cm. The prevalence in pregnancy and postpartum women could range from 30% to 46.5% [1-4]. Number of pregnancies, multiple gestations, and open abdominal surgical procedures are potential risk factors in the development of RAD [3]. A previous study by the authors demonstrated that the risk of RAD in women is 1.9 times greater than that in men, and the age at onset of RAD in women is also much earlier than that of men [5]. In addition, chronic pain may develop in RAD patients, and the previous study confirmed that chronic pain was an important concomitant condition in the RAD population [5]. But few studies have focused on the relationship between RAD and low back pain (LBP)/pelvic pain (PP).

We conducted this multicenter retrospective cohort study in postpartum women with diagnosis of RAD to explore the association between LBP/PP and RAD in women with a history of vaginal delivery (VD) compared to those with one or more instances of cesarean delivery (CD) exposures.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This retrospective study analyzed characteristics of women with a history of labor and delivery who were diagnosed with RAD from six hospitals within the Partners Healthcare System in Massachusetts, USA. The review board of the Research Patient Data Registry approved the study protocol (#2018P003056).

Medical records of women with a diagnosis of RAD, defined by the International Classification of Diseases codes (Ninth Revision Clinical Modification ICD-9-CM and Tenth Revision ICD-10-CM), from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2018 from six hospitals of the Partners Healthcare System were collected. Women who delivered at these hospitals with delivery notes available were included. Data including demographic information, diagnosis (Table 1), health history, delivery notes, and ultrasound (when available) were extracted.

Table 1

Diagnostic codes in ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM used for research patient data registry search

Diagnosis		ICD-9-CM	ICD-10-CM
RAD		728.84	M62.08
Hernia	Diaphragmatic	553.3	K44.9
	Ventral	553.2	k46.9; k43.9
	Groin	550.9	K40.90; K40.20
	Incisional	553.21	K43.2; K43.0; K40.2
	Umbilical	552.1	K42.0; K42.9
Low back pain		724.2	M54.5
Incontinence		788.33; 788.34; 788.35; 788.37; 788.39	N39.46
Pelvic and perineal pain		456.5	M25.551; M25.552; M79.651; M79.652; R10.2
Superficial fascial lesions		728.89; 728.79; 756.89	S39.011A; S39.012A
Fascial lesions in low back pain		728.89; 728.79; 756.89	S39.012A
Depressive disorder		296.20; 296.30; 296.32; 296.33; 296.35; 296.36; 296.50; 296.80; 296.89; 300.4; 309.1; 309.0; 311; V79.0	F31.30; 31.31; F31.32; F32.0; F32.1; F32.2; F32.3; F32.4; F32.5; F32.89; F32.9; F33.0; F33.1; F33.2; F33.40; F33.41; F33.42; F33.9; F43.21; F43.23; FZ13.31
Major depressive disorder		296.2; 296.20; 296.30; 296.31; 296.32; 296.33; 296.35; 296.36	F32.0; F32.1; F32.2; F32.3; F32.4; F32.5; F32.9; F33.0; F33.1; F33.2; F33.40; F33.41; F33.42; F33.9

ICD-9-CM: International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, ICD-10-CM: International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification, RAD: rectus abdominis diastasis.

The demographic and health history variables included in this study were age at onset of RAD, age of labor and delivery, body mass index (BMI), race or ethnicity, smoking state, and alcohol use. Only records from first labor and delivery were analyzed. Apart from LBP and PP, other concomitant conditions that were identified included hernia, mixed incontinence, depressive disorder (DD), and strain of muscle, fascia, and tendon (SMFT) (See Table 1 for ICD codes used in database search). In this study, there was a focus on the trends of cumulative composition ratio for conditions, including RAD, umbilical hernia, LBP, PP, DD, and SMFT and the timing relationship between them and the first delivery. The timing relationship between LBP/PP and RAD were also analyzed. The cumulative composition ratio of disease was defined as the percentage of patients who were diagnosed with the disease in the past or current year, accounting for all patients. The time interval was set as 2-years, centered on labor and delivery.

SPSS Statistics version 20 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) was used to perform all statistical analyses. Data was summarized as frequencies and percentages or mean and standard deviation. Pearson’s and continuity correction chi-square tests and Fisher’s exact test were used for counting data. The Mann–Whitney U nonparametric test was used for continuous variables. Linear-by-Linear association chi-square tests were used to test the difference between the cumulative composition ratio of conditions. Wilcoxon’s W nonparametric test was used to test the difference of age at onset between groups. Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analysis models were used to identify the independent risk factors, using LBP and PP as the dependent variables, respectively. All variables on univariate analysis were used to identify the independent risk factors of LBP and PP as well. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated from multivariate regression analysis. A forward stepwise regression analysis (α entry = 0.10, α removal = 0.10) was used to reduce confounding bias. A two-tailed P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant for all tests. The risk ratio formula was used to calculate the relative risk.

RESULTS

Of the 866 women with RAD, 417 women underwent labor delivery. Data from the 317 (76.0%) women who had complete delivery operative notes were analyzed. Of the 317 women, 218 (68.8%) had one or more CD history. Age at onset of RAD in the non-CD group (without CD exposure) was earlier than those in CD group (P = 0.017) (Fig. 1). Women who underwent CD demonstrated 4.5 times greater risk of RAD than those who had no CD exposure. Most CDs were performed with Pfannenstiel skin-incision (98.2%), low transverse uterine incision (93.1%), and suture closure method (80.7%). Epidural anesthesia accounted for 73.7% of all anesthesia in non-CD group, whereas spinal anesthesia accounted for 57.3% in CD group (Table 2).

Fig. 1

The comparison of onset age of rectus abdominis diastasis between non-cesarean delivery and cesarean delivery group.

Table 2

Patients demographics and characteristics

Characteristics	Non-CD group (n = 99)	CD group (n = 218)	Total (n = 317)	P value
Demographic characteristic
Age of first delivery (yr)	33.2 ± 4.3	35.5 ± 4.4	34.8 ± 4.5	< 0.001a
Age at onset of RAD (yr)	35.9 ± 4.7	37.5 ± 4.6	37.0 ± 4.7	0.004a
Race or ethnic group
Black/African	3 (3.0)	12 (5.5)	15 (4.7)	0.868
Asian	7 (7.1)	12 (5.5)	19 (6.0)
Hispanic	4 (4.0)	10 (4.6)	14 (4.4)
White	80 (80.8)	172 (78.9)	252 (79.5)
Others	5 (5.1)	12 (5.5)	17 (5.4)
Body mass index (kg/m2)
Mean	26.0 ± 4.6	28.3 ± 5.9	27.6 ± 5.6	0.001a
18.0 to < 25	45 (45.5)	68 (31.2)	112 (35.3)	0.028b
25 to < 30	35 (35.4)	83 (38.1)	118 (37.2)
30 to < 40	18 (18.2)	58 (26.6)	76 (24.0)
≥ 40	1 (1.0)	10 (4.6)	11 (3.5)
Social history
Smoking state	9 (9.1)	28 (12.8)	37 (11.7)	0.335
Alcohol use	48 (48.5)	84 (38.5)	132 (41.6)	0.096
Depressive disorder	20 (20.2)	53 (24.3)	73 (23.0)	0.421
Concomitant conditions
Pelvic pain	21 (21.2)	48 (22.0)	69 (21.8)	0.872
Low back pain	20 (20.2)	58 (26.6)	78 (24.6)	0.220
Strain of muscle, fascial and tendon	2 (2.0)	17 (7.8)	19 (6.0)	0.080c
Mixed incontinence	5 (5.1)	8 (3.7)	13 (4.1)	0.566
Hernias	31 (31.3)	68 (31.2)	99 (31.2)	0.983
Diaphragmatic hernia	1 (1.0)	5 (2.3)	6 (1.9)	0.740c
Ventral hernia	13 (13.1)	38 (17.4)	51 (16.1)	0.334
Groin hernia	5 (5.1)	3 (1.4)	8 (2.5)	0.122c
Incisional hernia	0	8 (3.7)	8 (2.5)	0.061d
Umbilical hernia	26 (26.3)	46 (21.1)	72 (22.7)	0.309
Adhesions in abdominal and/or pelvic cavity
Minimal	-	8 (3.7)	-	-
Moderate	-	16 (7.3)	-	-
Dense	-	16 (7.3)	-	-
Not reported	99 (100.0)	178 (81.7)	-	-
Characteristics of first delivery procedure
Skin-incision type
Pfannenstiel	-	214 (98.2)	-	-
Vertical	-	4 (1.8)	-	-
Closure method
Staples	-	42 (19.3)	-	-
Suture	-	176 (80.7)	-	-
Uterine incision
Low transverse	-	203 (93.1)	-	-
Other	-	15 (6.9)	-	-
Anesthesia type
Spinal	2 (2.0)	125 (57.3)	127 (40.1)	-
Epidural	73 (73.7)	62 (28.5)	135 (42.6)	-
Combined spinal epidural	-	21 (9.6)	21 (6.6)	-
General	-	10 (4.6)	10 (3.2)	-
Local	9 (9.1)	-	9 (2.8)	-
None	15 (15.2)	-	15 (4.7)	-

Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (%).

CD: cesarean delivery, RAD: rectus abdominis diastasis.

aMann–Whitney U nonparametric test. bLikelihood ratio chi-square test. cContinuity correction chi-square test. dFisher’s exact test.

The age of first delivery, onset age of RAD, and BMI in CD group was significantly higher than that in non-CD group (35.5 years old vs. 33.2 years old, P < 0.001; 37.5 years old vs. 35.9 years old, P = 0.004; 28.3 kg/m2 vs. 26.0 kg/m2, P = 0.001; respectively). The distribution of the onset age of RAD in the CD group was significantly different from that in non-CD group as well (P for trend = 0.017) (Fig. 1). One hundred thirty-two cases (41.6%) in this population were alcohol users. Adhesions in the abdominal and/or pelvic cavity were noted in 40 subjects (17.3%) who underwent CD procedures (Table 2). In this population, the rates of concomitant LBP, DD, umbilical hernia, PP, and SMFT were 24.6%, 23.0%, 22.7%, 21.8%, and 6.0%, respectively (Table 2). The prevalence of LBP, PP, mixed incontinence, hernias, DD, and SMFT in the non-CD group did not differ from that in the CD group (20.2% vs. 26.6%, P = 0.220; 21.2% vs. 22.0%, P = 0.872; 5.1% vs. 3.7%, P = 0.566; 31.2% vs. 31.2%, P = 0.983; 20.2% vs. 24.3%, P = 0.421; 2.0% vs. 7.8%, P = 0.080; respectively) (Table 2).

The cumulative composition ratio of LBP in every age stage of the period from 8 years pre-first delivery to 8 years post-first delivery was significantly higher than in the other five conditions (RAD, umbilical hernia, PP, DD, and SMFT) (P for trend < 0.001) (Fig. 2). Before the first delivery, the proportion of the patients with LBP was 57.7% (45/78), which was higher than other concomitant condition (P < 0.001), and the rate increased rapidly up to 83.3% within 2 years after first delivery (P = 0.001) (Fig. 3). In addition, after first delivery, 43 of 69 subjects (62.3%) had PP compared to 20 of 69 (29.0%) before first delivery (P < 0.001) (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2

The time relations between concomitant conditions and first delivery.

Fig. 3

The relation between low back pain (LBP)/pelvic pain (PP) and rectus abdominis diastasis (RAD). (A) Onset age of LBP related to RAD. (B) Onset age of PP related to RAD.

Before RAD, 13 of 20 cases (65.0%) had LBP in the non-CD group compared with 42 of 58 (72.4%) in CD group (P = 0.531). There were no significant differences in the distribution of the age at onset of LBP between the CD group and non-CD groups (P for trend = 0.235). The rate of PP the in non-CD group was 52.4% compared to 56.3% in the CD group before RAD (P = 0.766). In the case of PP, 20 of 48 women (41.7%) first encountered pain within 2 years before having RAD in the CD group compared to 10 of 21 (47.6%) in the non-CD group (P = 0.646). The distribution of age at onset of PP in the CD group also did not differ from that in non-CD group (P for trend = 0.496).

For the women with RAD in this study, subjects with LBP had higher prevalence of DD (34.6% vs. 19.3%, P = 0.005), SMFT (15.4% vs. 2.9%, P < 0.001), and PP (34.6% vs. 17.6%, P = 0.002) than those without LBP (Table 3). Univariate and multivariate regression analysis identified that women with DD, SMFT, and PP were more likely to have LBP (OR = 1.91, 95% CI 1.06 to 3.47, P = 0.032; OR = 4.50, 95% CI 1.64 to 12.36, P = 0.003; OR = 2.14, 95% CI 1.17 to 3.89, P = 0.013; respectively) (Table 4).

Table 3

Characteristics of postpartum rectus abdominis diastasis patients with and without low back pain

Variable	Without low back pain (n = 239)	With low back pain (n = 78)	P value
Demographic characteristics
Age (yr)
< 30	6 (2.5)	1 (1.3)	0.303a
30 to < 40	145 (60.7)	41 (52.6)
40 to < 50	86 (36.0)	36 (46.2)
50 to < 60	2 (0.8)	0
Race or ethnic group
Black/African	10 (4.2)	5 (6.4)	0.788a
Asian	13 (5.4)	6 (7.7)
Hispanic	10 (4.2)	4 (5.1)
White	194 (81.2)	58 (74.4)
Others	12 (5.0)	5 (6.4)
Body mass index (kg/m2)
18.5 to < 25	90 (37.7)	22 (28.2)	0.419a
25 to < 30	86 (36.0)	32 (41.0)
30 to < 40	56 (23.4)	20 (25.6)
≥ 40	7 (2.9)	4 (5.1)
Delivery mode
Non-cesarean	79 (33.1)	20 (25.6)	0.220
Cesarean	160 (66.9)	58 (74.4)
Social history
Smoking state	27 (11.3)	10 (12.8)	0.716
Alcohol use	103 (43.1)	29 (37.2)	0.357
Depressive disorder	46 (19.2)	27 (34.6)	0.005
Concomitant conditions
Pelvic pain	42 (17.6)	27 (34.6)	0.002
Strain of muscle, fascial and tendon	7 (2.9)	12 (15.4)	< 0.001
Adhesions	30 (12.6)	10 (12.8)	0.951
Hernia status	77 (32.2)	22 (28.2)	0.507
Hernia type
Diaphragmatic hernia	2 (0.8)	4 (5.1)	0.053b
Ventral hernia	38 (15.9)	13 (16.7)	0.873
Groin hernia	4 (1.7)	4 (5.1)	0.203b
Incisional hernia	7 (2.9)	1 (1.3)	0.697b
Umbilical hernia	57 (23.8)	15 (19.2)	0.398

Values are presented as number (%).

aLikelihood ratio chi-square test. bContinuity correction chi-square test.

Table 4

Univariate and multivariate binary regression analyses of underlying factors to low back pain in postpartum patients with rectus abdominis diastasis

Variable	Univariate			Multivariate
	P value	OR (95% CI)		P value	OR (95% CI)
Demographic characteristics
Age (yr)
< 30		1		0.405	NS
30 to < 40	0.629	1.70 (0.20-14.50)
40 to < 50	0.402	2.51 (0.29-21.62)
50 to < 60	0.999	0
Race or ethnic group
Black/African		1		0.529	NS
Asian	0.914	0.92 (0.22-3.92)		0.346	NS
Hispanic	0.782	0.80 (0.17-3.89)		0.339	NS
White	0.365	0.60 (0.20-1.82)		0.602	NS
Others	0.811	0.83 (0.19-3.72)		0.808	NS
Body mass index (kg/m2)
18.5 to < 25		1		0.622	NS
25 to < 30	0.183	1.52 (0.82-2.82)
30 to < 40	0.282	1.49 (0.73-2.92)
≥ 40	0.205	2.34 (0.63-8.70)
Cesarean exposure	0.221	1.43 (0.81-2.55)		0.628	NS
Social history
Smoking state	0.716	1.16 (0.53-2.51)		0.568	NS
Alcohol use	0.358	0.78 (0.46-1.32)		0.327	NS
Depressive disorder	0.006	2.22 (1.23-3.19)		0.032	1.91 (1.06-3.47)
Concomitant conditions
Strain of muscle, fascial and tendon	< 0.001	6.03 (2.28-15.92)		0.003	4.50 (1.64-12.36)
Adhesions	0.951	1.03 (0.48-2.20)		N/A	N/A
Pelvic pain	0.002	2.48 (1.40-4.41)		0.013	2.14 (1.17-3.89)
Hernia status	0.507	0.83 (0.47-1.45)		0.575	NS
Hernia type
Diaphragmatic hernia	0.034	6.41 (0.15-35.68)		0.326	NS
Ventral hernia	0.873	1.06 (0.53-2.11)		0.724	NS
Groin hernia	0.108	3.18 (0.78-13.01)		0.065	NS
Incisional hernia	0.427	0.43 (0.05-3.51)		0.182	NS
Umbilical hernia	0.399	0.76 (0.40-1.44)		0.667	NS

Race categorized as categorical covariates with other variables were subjected to multivariate regression model using forward stepwise variable selection.

OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval, N/A: not applicable, NS: not significant.

Women with PP in the present study had higher coexisting conditions of LBP (39.1% vs. 20.6%, P < 0.001) and SMFT (13.0% vs. 4.0%, P = 0.005) as well. Interestingly, the occurrence of umbilical hernia in the PP group was significantly lower than non-PP group (10.1% vs. 26.2%, P = 0.005) (Table 5). Univariate and multivariate regression analysis also identified that women with LBP tended to have PP (OR = 2.44, 95% CI 1.36 to 4.40, P = 0.003). Notably, these analyses implied that women with concomitant umbilical hernia were less likely to have PP (OR = 0.33, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.78, P = 0.011). Additionally, subjects of Hispanic ethnicity in this sample had a higher risk of concomitant PP than others (OR = 3.75, 95% CI 1.21 to 11.63, P = 0.022) (Table 6).

Table 5

Characteristics of postpartum rectus abdominis diastasis patients with and without pelvic pain

Variable	Without pelvic pain (n = 248)	With pelvic pain (n = 69)	P value
Demographic characteristics
Age (yr)
< 30	3 (1.2)	4 (5.8)	0.034a
30 to < 40	154 (62.1)	32 (46.4)
40 to < 50	90 (36.3)	32 (46.4)
50 to < 60	1 (0.4)	1 (1.4)
Race or ethnic group
Black/African	10 (4.0)	5 (7.2)	0.036
Asian	17 (6.9)	2 (2.9)
Hispanic	7 (2.8)	7 (10.1)
White	202 (81.5)	50 (72.5)
Others	12 (4.8)	5 (7.2)
Body mass index (kg/m2)
18.5 to < 25	90 (36.3)	22 (31.9)	0.673a
25 to < 30	92 (37.1)	26 (37.7)
30 to < 40	59 (23.8)	17 (24.6)
≥ 40	7 (2.8)	4 (5.8)
Delivery mode
Non-cesarean	78 (31.5)	21 (30.4)	0.872
Cesarean	170 (68.5)	48 (69.6)
Social history
Smoking state	30 (12.1)	7 (10.1)	0.655
Alcohol abuse	102 (41.1)	30 (43.5)	0.726
Depressive disorder	53 (21.4)	20 (29.0)	0.184
Accompanying systems
Strain of muscle, fascial and tendon	10 (4.0)	9 (13.0)	0.005
Adhesions	30 (12.1)	10 (14.5)	0.596
Low back pain	51 (20.6)	27 (39.1)	< 0.001
Hernia status	84 (33.9)	15 (21.7)	0.054
Hernia type
Diaphragmatic hernia	3 (1.2)	3 (4.3)	0.233b
Ventral hernia	44 (17.7)	7 (10.1)	0.129
Groin hernia	5 (2.0)	3 (4.3)	0.510b
Incisional hernia	7 (2.8)	1 (1.4)	0.834b
Umbilical hernia	65 (26.2)	7 (10.1)	0.005

Values are presented as number (%).

aLikelihood ratio chi-square test. bContinuity correction chi-square test.

Table 6

Univariate and multivariate binary regression analyses of underlying factors to pelvic pain in postpartum patients with rectus abdominis diastasis

Variable	Univariate			Multivariate
	P value	OR (95% CI)		P value	OR (95% CI)
Demographic characteristics
Age (yr)
< 30		1.00		0.304	NS
30 to < 40	0.018	0.16 (0.03-0.73)
40 to < 50	0.095	0.27 (0.06-1.26)
50 to < 60	0.858	0.75 (0.03-17.51)
Race or ethnic group
Black/African		1.00		0.126	NS
Asian	0.118	0.24 (0.04-1.45)		0.200	NS
Hispanic	0.365	2.00 (0.45-8.96)		0.022	3.75 (1.21-11.63)
White	0.217	0.50 (0.16-1.51)		0.468	NS
Others	0.811	0.83 (0.19-3.72)		0.237	NS
Body mass index (kg/m2)
18.5 to < 25		1.00		0.699	NS
25 to < 30	0.656	1.16 (0.61-2.19)
30 to < 40	0.651	1.18 (0.58-2.41)
≥ 40	0.205	2.34 (0.63-8.70)
Cesarean exposure	0.872	1.05 (0.59-1.87)		0.765	NS
Social history
Smoking state	0.656	0.82 (0.34-1.96)		0.575	NS
Alcohol abuse	0.726	1.10 (0.64-1.89)		0.680	NS
Depressive disorder	0.186	1.50 (0.82-2.74)		0.665	NS
Concomitant conditions
Strain of muscle, fascial and tendon	0.008	3.57 (1.39-9.18)		0.094	NS
Adhesions	0.597	1.23 (0.57-2.66)		NA	NA
Low back pain	0.002	2.48 (1.40-4.41)		0.003	2.44 (1.36-4.40)
Hernia status	0.057	0.54 (0.29-1.02)		0.451	NS
Hernia type
Diaphragmatic hernia	0.113	3.71 (0.73-18.82)		0.147	NS
Ventral hernia	0.134	0.52 (0.22-1.22)		0.802	NS
Groin hernia	0.286	2.21 (0.52-9.48)		0.162	NS
Incisional hernia	0.538	0.52 (0.06-4.26)		0.594	NS
Umbilical hernia	0.007	0.32 (0.14-0.73)		0.011	0.33 (0.14-0.78)

Race categorized as categorical covariates with other variables were subjected to multivariate regression model using forward stepwise variable selection.

OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval, N/A: not applicable, NS: not significant.

DISCUSSION

The principal findings of this retrospective cohort investigation of a multi-institutional sample of postpartum women with concomitant RAD are as follows. First, women who had a history of CD procedure exposure demonstrated 4.5 times greater risk of RAD than those women who delivered vaginally. Second, the onset age range of RAD in both the CD and non-CD group were concentrated between those 30 to 40 years old, even though the onset age in the non-CD group was significantly earlier than those who underwent CD. Third, the prevalence of LBP and PP among this population was high. Forth, the prevalence and characteristics of the pain in women with a history of non-CD did not differentiate from those with CD. Fifth, the age at onset of LBP/PP showed no difference between the CD and non-CD groups in women with RAD. Sixth, women with DD in the RAD population had approximately 2 times greater risk of LBP than those without it. Seventh, PP and SMFT are risk factors of the development of LBP in women with RAD. Eighth, LBP was found to be significantly associated with PP in women with RAD. Finally, Hispanic race was demonstrated to be a role in the development of PP in women with RAD.

LBP and PP were thought to be related to first labor and delivery in women with RAD. LBP and PP were thought to be related to pregnancy [6]. Moreover, a 2012 review reported that the global prevalence of LBP among women was 8.7%, and several studies reported that the prevalence of LBP in women with RAD ranged from 24% to 69%, which is much higher than the global prevalence [4,7-9]. The present study confirmed that LBP/PP was associated with labor and delivery in RAD patients, no matter if it was via VD or CD. In this study, over one quarter of LBP patients had the first onset during the period between 2 years pre- and post-first delivery, while one-third of the new onsets of PP arose during this period. The prevalence of LBP/PP in this study was less than thirty percent, which is lower than reported in previous studies (approximately half in the general pregnancy population) [6,10,11]. This could be due to a different study method, as only individuals with diagnosed ICD codes were included.

The authors identified the following innovative findings. Firstly, the data demonstrated that the age at onset of LBP/PP showed no difference between the CD and non-CD groups in women with RAD. Secondly, it was found that the risk of RAD in women who underwent CD delivery was 4.5 times that of those who delivered vaginally. Thirdly, the age at onset of RAD in women who had undergone VD was significantly younger than those who underwent CD. Interestingly, the onset age range of both groups was concentrated between 30 and 40 years old, which confirmed that pregnancy and CD were important risk factors contributing to RAD [12-14]. The results of the present study also implied that the importance of CD in the development of RAD might be underestimated.

LBP interacted with DD in postpartum women with concomitant RAD. Several investigations have linked DD to chronic spinal pain [15,16]. Oon-Arom et al. [16] found that patients with physical pain symptoms tended to express some subjective symptoms of DD. Schmaling and Nounou [15] reported DD patients were more likely to develop chronic spinal pain than those participants without DD.

The present study also confirmed that women with DD in the RAD population had approximately a 2 times greater risk of LBP than those without it. The data demonstrated that the age at onset of LBP was significantly earlier than that of DD in postpartum women who had RAD. It is possible that LBP interacted with DD. Further study is warranted to discern which is the triggering factor.

PP and SMFT are risk factors of development of LBP in postpartum women with concomitant RAD. The authors demonstrated that women with PP had greater than 2 times the risk of development of LBP than those without PP. It was also worth noting that in the present study, women with SMFT had a 4.5 times greater risk of developing LBP than those without SMFT. SMFT is the most important manifestation of myofascial syndrome, being found to be the principal cause of pain [17-19]. In the present study, the authors hypothesize that, in the process of the development of chronic pain, the fascia plays a crucial role, since it is an uninterrupted, viscoelastic, continuous, collagen-containing tissue covering the entire body. Fascia interpenetrates and surrounds all organs, muscles, bones, and nerve fibers [20,21]. It has been reported that deep fascia might be closely related to non-specific LBP [22, 23]. The present study confirmed that SMFT was strongly related to LBP in postpartum women with RAD, which also stressed the importance of fascia in LBP.

LBP and Hispanic race are risk factors in the development of PP in postpartum women with concomitant RAD. The prevalence of PP among women varies from 6% to 27% [24,25]. In this study, the prevalence of PP was over one-fifth among women with a history of delivery who had RAD. There was no significant difference in terms of age at onset of LBP/PP, regardless of delivery method. It was found that the prevalence of LBP in women with PP, with a rate of approximately 40%, was significantly higher than those without PP. With univariate and multivariate regression analyses, the authors identified LBP as a risk factor related to PP. This suggested a close relationship between LBP and PP. While the consensus on whether race is a risk factor for chronic pain has not been reached [9,26,27], it was intriguing that the authors found that Hispanic women had approximately a 4-fold greater risk of developing PP, but not for developing LBP.

There are several clinical and research implications that follow this study. The prevalence of umbilical hernia RAD patients with PP was significantly lower than that of those without PP. Univariate and multivariate regression analysis also identified a negative association between pain and hernia. For clinicians and policy makers, the present study draws attention to women with RAD, as the authors revealed several common risk factors and potential complications. However, to the authors’ knowledge, there is no prior literature that reports a link between umbilical hernia and PP, and prospective studies are necessary to further elaborate this matter. Additionally, the present study was not tailored towards finding the precise mechanism of the development of LBP and PP in women with RAD, though it may lead to its exploration in future research proposals. Once additional research has been completed, the authors’ findings may be used in clinical settings.

Our study had several strengths and limitations. Ten years of data were included from multicenter information records, due to the retrospective nature of the study, many cases were excluded due to either no history of delivery or incomplete delivery operative notes, which may lead to sampling bias. The study focused on the association between LBP/PP and the first delivery, and the authors did not count the parity and plurality which might also interact with the pain, so these may have biased the results of this study.

It was reported that pain intensity was associated with RAD size and gestational trimester [28]. However, the current ICD coding mechanisms do not offer details of the data points. Fortunately, we included comprehensive analysis of concomitant conditions, which provided us with the opportunity to not only identify findings similar to multidisciplinary collaboration, but also study the association across more than a 15-year longitudinal span.

In conclusion, this study revealed the linkages and relationships between rectal abdominis diastasis, PP, and LBP in coordination with each other and additional factors such as delivery and race. We found that women with a history of CD were more likely to develop RAD, while the age of onset of RAD in women who underwent VD was significantly younger than those who underwent CD. The authors also found that LBP/PP were related to delivery, and the age at onset of LBP/PP showed no difference between the CD and non-CD groups in women with RAD. There was no significant difference in the age distribution at onset of LBP/PP among RAD women with or without CD exposure. In addition, DD, SMFT, and PP were risk factors contributing to the developing of LBP. Race and LBP also played roles in the development of PP. This paper sheds light on the characteristics of these conditions and sets the stage for additional research in this field of study.